Beowulf and Sir Gawain a Comparison of Two Heroes Essay

In Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight there are two heroes that help the present day reader gain insight into what the hero of the Middle Ages would have held as ideals and necessary triumphs. Beowulf and Sir Gawain each fill a different role within their unique societies. Beowulf is a leader and a savior in times of need, willing to go to any length to help another group of people as well as his own kingdom. Sir Gawain is also willing to rise during moments of trouble within his court but lacks the altruism that is inherent in Beowulfs leadership. Although there are many pursuable comparisons within the two tales, the most apparent between the two heroes are that of faith, the men who encouraged them, bravery and the†¦show more content†¦Beowulf affirms this belief when someone got close to the dragon but didnt die; saying So may a man not marked by fate easily escape exile and woe by the grace of God (81). This idea of fate is carried through as Beowulf fight s the dragon and dies. That final day was the first time when Beowulf fought and fate denied him glory in battle again attributing all his previous successes and his ultimate collapse to the power of God. Faith is also a prominent figure within Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Gawains faith in God is shown when he is regularly praying to God for protection and forgiveness before his trip or his challenge with the Green Knight. Sir Gawain is perpetually referencing to God, saying, as God allows, by the Lords decree, and in Gods own name to give the impression that he truly relies on God for guidance and strength (199-201). Gawain starts to reference to God much more the closer he gets to his face-off with the Green Knight. Finally turning over his fate to God, Gawain prays that I shall not give way to weeping; Gods will be done, amen! I commend me to his keeping (202). Gawain and Beowulf both reflect the idea that the fate God has chosen for you is an inescapable certainty, no doubt reflecting the beliefs of their time. Beowulf and Gawain both had key figures within their tale that influenced the struggles they faced. Beowulf wasShow MoreRelatedThe Cultural Values And The Archetypal Patterns Of The Novel Hero With A Thousand Faces 1331 Words   |  6 Pages Throughout the world of literature, heroes or protagonists are often characters created by culture. Through these characters, we discover the faults and the virtuous qualities that this time period had to offer. As the heroes make their way through the journey, the reader learns the culture through the character’s actions and mistakes. For instance, in the early Middle Ages, women were seen as inferior and were not put on a pedestal, unlike their deception during the Late Middle Ages after theRead MoreCompare and Contrast of Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight600 Words   |  3 PagesCompare and Contrast of Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Beowulf is an epic poem that was written in the Anglo-Saxon time period where only a few privileged people were able to read and write while Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, which is also an epic poem, was written in the Middle English time period where reading and writing was more wide-spread. While both the epic poem Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight have similar protagonists, the main character of each poem also hasRead More Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Beowulf Essay499 Words   |  2 PagesSir Gawain and the Green Knight and Beowulf â€Å"My body, but for your blood, is barren of worth; And tis I have asked for this folly not fit for a King.† These are the words of a true hero. One who is willing to sacrifice his own existence for the life of another. These are the words and actions of Sir Gawain, a character from the beloved British tale, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Beowulf, another character from an ancient British epic entitled, Beowulf, is also portrayed as a â€Å"heroRead MoreThe Separate Journeys Of Beowulf And Sir Gawain1761 Words   |  8 Pagesof Beowulf and Sir Gawain The purpose of the hero in literature has evolved through time, and there is no denying the differences of two medieval heroic archetypes, Beowulf, and Sir Gawain. In both poems, the hero is faced with several different tests, each with proposed solutions and goals. Anglo-Saxon epic and romantic stories focus on the central hero who stands alone as the ideal example of perfected chivalry. Even though there are countless similarities that both manuscripts share, Sir GawainRead More Essay Comparing the Role Models in Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight2261 Words   |  10 PagesRole Models in Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Excellence has always been a virtue revered by society. Writers throughout the ages have tried to capture the essence of excellence in their works, often in the form of a title character, who is the embodiment of perfection, encapsulating all the ideal traits necessary for one to be considered an excellent member of society. However, the standards for excellence are not universally agreed upon. On the contrary, one mans idea ofRead MoreLoyalty : Fate And The Chance Of Survival1629 Words   |  7 PagesFelicity Miller Professor Donavan Monster and Marvels 14, October 2014 Loyalty: Fate and the Chance of Survival in Zipe’s Fairytales, Beowulf, and Gilgamesh Many different themes and topics are brought up in Zipe’s fairytales, Beowulf and Gilgamesh. An important theme that occurs in many of these stories is loyalty. In each story the common goal of loyalty is to create a strong feeling of support and allegiance to a kingdom, person, property, agreement, or item of importance. These strong feelings

Essay on Hamas - 2640 Words

Write a Profile of a Terrorist Group Hamas: The Group’s Origins â€Å"Hamas is an Arabic acronym for the Islamic Resistance Movement†. A long history of suicide bombings and other attacks on Israeli civilians and military targets has earned Hamas a well deserved reputation as a murderous terrorist organization. Hamas’s origins stretch back decades through the Muslim Brotherhood in Palestine; and Hamas took it current shape during the early years of the intifada. Hamas was not only formed to resist an Israeli state, but also was firmly against the Palestinian Liberation Organization’s (PLO) dominance in the Palestinian National movement. By the late 1980’s the PLO’s role as the forerunner of Palestinian nationalism†¦show more content†¦The Hamas founder and spiritual leader Sheikh Ahmed Yassin was born in 1937 in Jura, small village near the town of Majdal. In 1948 he and his family were forced to move to Gaza after his village was destroyed during the Arab-Israeli War. At the age of 22 in 1960 Yassin married one of his relatives Halima Yassin together having eleven children. In 1 984 Yassin was arrested and sentenced to 13 years in jail for the illegal possession of arms, his establishment of a military organization and for his public rhetoric calling for a jihad against non Muslims and the annihilation of Israel. Yassin was arrested and released from Jail several times, before he officially co-founded Hamas with Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi in 1987, they originally called the movement the Palestinian Wing of the Muslim Brotherhood. â€Å"By 1989 he ordered Hamas to kidnap Israeli soldiers inside Israel, to murder them and bury their bodies in a manner that would allow Hamas to negotiate the exchange of bodies for Hamas prisoners, who he hoped would be released from jails in Israel†. His demise came when he was killed in an Israeli airstrike in 2004 as he was leaving a Gaza City mosque. The current Hamas spiritual leader Yunis Al-Astal was born in 1956 in the Gaza city ofShow MoreRelatedThe History of the Terrorist Group Hamas Essay1185 Words   |  5 PagesEast has brought the Israeli-Palestinian conflict to the attention of the world. These terrorist groups use murder, bombs, threats, and other violent acts to get their way politically. Hamas, the organization that has replaced Fatah as the representative of the Palestinians, is a leading sponsor of terrorism. The Hamas are the leading reason there is not peace in the middle east as they strongly embrace terrorism. This group was created in 1978 and continues to expand its power today. It began asRead MoreThe Sociocultural and Political Influence of Hamas in Palestine1959 Words   |  8 PagesResistance Movement, also known as al-Harakah al-Muqawama al-Islamiya (Hamas), has proven to be an extremely agile and capable terrorist organization in Palestine. They benefit from a deep-rooted sociocultural infrastructure, highly lethal tactics and a complex hierarchy of leadership, all of which have allowed the organization to prosper for over two decades. As where 90% of terrorist groups wither and rapidly falter, Hamas has been able to quickly adapt to the constantly changing political andRead MoreHuman Intelligence Operations Targeted Against Hamas Essay1682 Words   |  7 Pagesintelligence and the Israeli military have been battling Hamas for decades. Hamas is a well-known Islamic Fundamentalist organization that operates in the occupied territory of Palestine, specifically, the West Bank, Gaza Strip and inside Israel. Israel’s fight against Hamas continues to this day. What Israel has learned and perfected is that human intelligence is paramount in its effort to combat terrorism. If an American mission was established to destroy Hamas, many factors must be considered. A human intelligenceRead MoreHAMAS: A Conventional Terrorist Group? Essay examples1473 Words   |  6 PagesHAMAS, an Arabic acronym meaning â€Å"Islamic Resistance Movement†, is the name of the socio-political organization currently in power over the Gaza Strip. For decades Jews Muslims and Israelis Palestinians, often one in the same, have fought for control over the region. Each have killed thousands of the other, destroyed infrastructures and used underhanded tactics to gain an advantage. Nations such as Japan, the European Union, the United States and (of course) Israel classify the group as terroristsRead MoreAn Analysis of the Islamic Resistance Movement: Hamas Essay example3513 Wo rds   |  15 Pagesmovements. While the Arab-Israeli peace accord was a hindrance to Islamist ideology, the Iranian Revolution and the great opposition of the Afghani mujahedeen against the invading Soviet army has revived the movement. History and Formation of Hamas Hamas, the acronym for Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya (the Islamic Resistance Movement), was created in response to the intifada, which signified the beginning of true political resurgence among the Islamic forces in the West Bank and Gaza Strip combatingRead MoreTuberculosis In Hama705 Words   |  3 PagesThe rate of tuberculosis is increasing according to a medical source from the Syrian city of Hama. In support of this statement, the internal medicine doctor, Kamal Al-Taqi, confirmed the rates are rising, and there have been multiple deaths due to the resistance of the antibiotic treatment. As the evidence shows, these events take place in the both Hama and northern Syrian regions. Throughout the city, numerous deaths of small children and the elderly are caused tuberculosis (International SocietyRead MoreHistory of HAMAS717 Words   |  3 PagesHAMAS: In this article regarding HAMAS, I will be writing about their origin, beliefs, failures, successes and how the group transformed from a religious organization to a political one. The group has been fighting for their beliefs for over two decades to an extent that they have become a political organization. Based on the research on the history of HAMAS, the organization took a political dimension from a religious one when it became victorious in the 2006 democratic elections. ConsequentlyRead MoreImpact Of Terrorism On The Middle East2071 Words   |  9 PagesHAMAS INTRODUCTION: Terrorism in the Middle East has brought the Israeli-Palestinian conflict to the attention of the world. These terrorist groups use murder, bombs, threats, and other violent acts to get their way politically. Hamas, the organization that has replaced Fatah as the representative of the Palestinians, is a leading sponsor of terrorism. Critics say the group is a terrorist organization that wants nothing but to wipe Israel off the face of the Earth. Supporters say Hamas, which representsRead MoreStudy of Extreme Islamic Terrorist Groups1858 Words   |  7 Pageswithin the territorial jurisdiction of the U.S.† (Definitions of Terrorism in the U.S.Code, 2013). The National Counterterrorism Center has gathered intelligence on both international and domestic terrorist groups. Based on the intelligence gathered, Hamas, Hizballah, and the Abu Sayyaf Group have been identified by the United States Department of State as Foreign Terrorist Organizations. According to the National Counterterrorism Center, the Foreign Terrorist Organization designation â€Å"play a criticalRead More The Islam-Judaism Clash of Civilizations Essay2541 Words   |  11 PagesSyria, Yemen, Lebanon, and Transjordan, furnished arms, money, and volunteers to â€Å"’prevent the creation of a Jewish state’† (Stoessinger 145). Terrorist organization such as Hamas wage religious war against Judaism. As predicted in Huntington’s model, these organizations employ religious zeal to counter â€Å"The Zionist invasion† (Hamas 19): â€Å"Of all the objective elements which define civilizations†¦ the most important usually is religion†¦ people who share ethnicity and language but differ in religion may

Health free essay sample

Financing health care is one of the many issues that consumers have with health care in the United States. Therefore, paying for health care is a very intense issue in health care. The ability to finance health care allows the ability to receive health care services. Without health care services many health care consumers would find it hard to live or find their life expectancy shortened. Hence, the importance of the correlation of finance and health care. There are different options consumers have to finance healthcare. Health care insurance is usually the way that many people are afforded to pay for health care. Health insurance allows the providers of health care services to be reimbursed for any services that they deliver. Financing has a prodigious influence on how the structure of health care is revolutionized and how health care is delivered to consumers. There are several reimbursement payment methods that allow providers to get paid for the services the provider gives. Jeff started work in the care sector 29 years ago after completing a BAA Degree in Politics. He explains: l was drawn to residential care after a holiday job in a geriatric hospital. I thought there were things we could do better to improve the quality of life for service users.I still think that today we can always improve, but I am proud of many of the changes have seen over my working life. After working as a care assistant in a residential home Jeff moved into fieldwork. He was paid by his employer to train to be a social worker and has since worked in a wide variety of care settings and roles, including direct work, management teaching. Jeff explains: There are always opportunities for people who want to work in the care sector. You can develop both your career and your lifestyle in line with your own interests.Experience qualifications are in demand throughout the UK my own family has enjoyed living in Scotland and Northumberland before settling back in East Yorkshire. Jeff concludes: Whats great about irking in social care is that you can make a real difference to someones quality of life. Its a big responsibility and the rewards, in terms of job satisfaction, are second to none. 5 2. Job roles about social care Working in social care will give you the opportunity to help many different people lead fulfilling lives. You could choose to support older people and work as a home care assistant or in a residential care home.Other jobs include working with children, families and young people and people with physical or learning disabilities. Home Care Assistants give the practical support and regular human contact that tater so much to older people, or others who rely on help to live at home. Providing someone with care in their own home gives them dignity and independence. Home careers provide assistance with a wide range of tasks including washing, dressing and making meals. Residential Care can become the best solution for people who, because of age or physical or learning disabilities are no longer able to cope in their own home.Sometimes children also need to move into residential homes. Staff work to create safe, clean and homely environments where people can live in comfort and are treated with dignity. Bingo and Summary Senior Care Officers are senior care officers at The Old School House and Courtyard Nursing Home in Goldbricked. They came to England from Southern India approximately 3 months ago. Bingo explains: We completed a 3 year general nursing course in India and have over 4 years practical experience Of nursing. We came here to experience the lifestyle and to earn money. Bingo and Summary work full-time looking after elderly residents with dementia. Summary says: The job is very rewarding, everyone is different and you finish your day knowing you have made a difference to someones quality of life. The important thing is making sure people have as much dignity as possible. Working in the Community can mean working as part of an outreach team, for example, visiting homes where parents are finding it difficult to cope with their children, helping people who are involved in drug or alcohol misuse or helping someone with a learning disability who is living independently for the first time.Useful Webzines www. Calcareousness. Co. UK www. Sailboarder. Co. UK Bingo and Summary are in England on a 2 year work permit after which they hope to return to India. Bingo concludes: This is a great place o work. The job is very good and we enjoy working here. The most important part of the job is knowing that we are helping to improve the quality of people?s lives. about social work about health As a social worker you are a professional doing a varied and worthwhile job which focuses on improving peoples well-being.Your daily activities can be extremely rewarding because you spend much of your time helping vulnerable people to make crucial decisions and to regain control of their lives. Social work involves engaging not only with clients themselves, but with their families and friends as well as working loosely with other organizations include ins the police, the health service, schools and the probation service. Social work offers the opportunity to work in different settings with different client groups.The health service offers a wide range of employment opportunities for many people. Adult Services can include working with people with mental health problems or learning disabilities in residential care; working with offenders, by supervising them in the community and supporting them to find work; assisting people with HIVE/AIDS and working with older people at home, helping to sort out problems with their lath, housing or benefits. Allied Health Professionals (APS) work with children and adults of all ages who are ill or have disabilities or special needs.Their skills and expertise can often be a significant factor in helping people to recover movement or mobility, overcome visual problems, improve nutritional status, develop communication abilities or restore confidence. The Dental Team includes dentists, dental nurses, hygienists, technicians and therapists who diagnose and provide treatment for a range Of problems affecting the mouth, teeth and gums. Doctors diagnose, care for and treat illnesses, infections and diseases. As a doctor you have to examine the sy mptoms presented by a patient and consider a range of possible diagnoses of their cause.Nurses care for adults or children, or those Children, Families and Young peoples Services can include providing assistance and advice to keep families together; working in childrens homes; managing adoption and foster care processes; providing support to younger people leaving care or who are at risk or in trouble with the law; or helping children who have problems at school or are facing difficulties brought on by illness in the family. As a social worker you have scope to manage your own time and make your own decisions.Its all about improving peoples lives and helping them to make choices. Www. Calcareousness. Co. UK www. Gags. Org. UK WV. Do. Gob. UK with mental health and learning disabilities. Or you may wish to support women with their pregnancies and train to be a midwife. Healthcare Scientists help to prevent, diagnose and treat illness using scientific knowledge and technical skills, whether its preparing an operating room for transplant surgery or analyzing tissue samples. The Wider Healthcare Team are the people who work behind the scenes to ensure that the health service can function.They maintain buildings, provide catering, run the clinical supply service, handle administration and much more. There are over 70 professions within the National Health Service (INS). Www. Enchanters. Ins. UK careers ha lath. Org. UK 7 3. Qualification grid If you want to take your job further there will be an opportunity to gain more skills and professional qualifications. There are different levels of qualification suitable for every stage of your career. Level 1 is introductory, for those new to working in a particular area. It covers routine tasks and develops basic knowledge and understanding. Vela 2 qualifications recognize the ability to perform varied tasks with some guidance or supervision and enable you to gain a good knowledge and understanding. Level 3 is for those who work on their own initiative, planning and organizing their own work and supervising others, for example, a senior care assistant. Level 4 is for experienced practitioners and managers who carry out complex and neurotic tasks. Level 5 and above involves personal autonomy and significant responsibility for the work of others and for the allocation of sources. You can now gain a recognized qualification in a way that suits you.There are two main ways to train for a qualification: you can study whilst you work or undertake a course of study. This could be, for example, ATA local venue, at a sixth form college, at a further or higher education college, through distance learning or e-learning. The qualification grid on the opposite page shows some of the different jobs available and links key roles and qualification levels. Carol Wilson Deputy Manager Carol started work in the care sector 10 years ago as a domestic assistant and never imagined hen that she would progress to deputy manager. Carol explains: l was looking to return to work after having my children.I had worked in shops and factories but my sisters suggested try working in a care home. Started work in the laundry room and would talk to the residents as I returned their clothes. Soon realized that wanted to work more closely with the people living in the home. With the support of her manager and her employer, RICA Care Homes, Carol has accessed first class training to support her career. She has passed a 10-month management skills programmer, is an NV assessor, is currently working award an NV level 4 in Health and Social Care and is hoping to start the Registered Managers Award in the very near future.

Victory Essays - Christology, Salvation, Jesus In Christianity

Victory "It is finished!" John 19:30. What Christ is referring to here is the accomplished salvation of the people. What that means is that when we are saved, we do not have to put out burnt saccrifices up to Him. It is no longer needed because Christ died for us, which took away the iniquities of our sin. He did this out of great love for us. This is exemplified in John 3:16 "For God so loved the world that he gave his only begotton son that who so ever belief in him shall have eternall life!". That verse is very important to us, or should be, because in a way, one could base his/her relationship with the Lord upon it. The reason is because God loved us so much that he did that for us so that is the least that we could do. In Genesis 3:15 it says that we will be punished for our sins. Yes, that is true, but God will forgive and forget them if we repent. You see this is not possible without Jesus dying for our sins. In Romans 5:6-8 it says that Christ died for all of us. Even the bad ones, ALL. This is a sign of the Victory that Christ had won a victory here. The reason is because of all of the lifes that he saved and will later be saved. In Romans 5 it says that Jesus died for All Sinners! We are all sinners so his death was for all. When Jesus says that "It is finished", he can also be reffering to the older predictions of Christs' life. There is one in particular that it might have been talking about in Isaiah. That is the one in which Isaiah talks of the life of Jesus and the crusifiction, in very short and brief detail. The suffering in which Jesus took for us lasted all through the night, and then in the morning the thrusted a sword into His side to see if he was alive. After the water poored out of His side, you can say that it is officially over. In my heart it is not completely over, just that of that era. Jesus will always live in my heart and not until the very end times is it over in my heart. When the life of Jesus was over, at the same exact time God tore the cloth in the temple from the top to the bottom. The reason it had to have been God is that no one would be capable of tearing it from the top. This was to show the wrath of God that He had upon the world at this time. I am sure that He felt bad for His son for having to go through all of this. God loved the world so much that He did this for us though. We should all acknowledge the fact that is the reason for the crucifiction. This little message actually means a whole lot to me. I feel that when he said that "It is finished", he was reffering to the fact that we no longer have to sacrifice. I believe that this is a very strong statement to believers, that they would acknowledge the love and a lesson to the non-Christians that they would possibly just think about it a little and maybe they will also think a little more about how they are living their life. I feel that we all DO fall short of the glory of God, but we a supposed to do the best we can to be more and more like Him. I love my lord with all my heart and will continue to my whole life.

Free Essays on Henry Purcell

Henry Purcell Born in 1659, Henry Purcell was the finest and most original composer of his day. He lived a very short life; he died in 1695. Though his life was short he was able to enjoy and make full use of the transformed flowering of music after the Restoration of the Monarchy. As the son of a musician at Court, a chorister at the Chapel Royal, Henry Purcell worked in Westminster for three different kings over twenty-five years. In the Chapel Royal young Henry Purcell studied with Dr. John Blow. Legend has is that when, in 1679, Purcell succeeded Dr. Blow as organist of Westminster Abbey, the elder musician stepped aside in recognition of the greater genius. It is true that on Purcell’s death in 1695 Blow returned to the place of duty, and would write a dignified Ode on the Death of Purcell. In addition to his majestic duties Henry Purcell also dedicated much of his talent to writing operas, or rather melodious dramas, and incidental stage music. He would also write chamber music in the form of harpsichord suites and trio sonatas, and became occupied with the escalating London public concert scene. One of the most important musical developments in Restoration London was the continuing establishment of regular public concerts. In 1683 a group of gentlemen amateurs, and professional musicians started a â€Å"Musical Society† in London to celebrate the â€Å"Festival of St. Cecilia. They asked Henry Purcell, he was only 24 years old, to be the first to write an Ode for their festivals. Henry Purcell was to compose two more such Odes for the Society. Most of Purcell’s theatre music was written between 1690 and 1695, and within that comparatively brief period he supplied music for more than forty plays. Much of the instrumental music was published in 1697, when the composer’s widow compiled A Collection of Ayres; Compos’d for the Theatre, and upon Other Occasions. This body of music, viewed as a whole, shows that Henry ... Free Essays on Henry Purcell Free Essays on Henry Purcell Henry Purcell Born in 1659, Henry Purcell was the finest and most original composer of his day. He lived a very short life; he died in 1695. Though his life was short he was able to enjoy and make full use of the transformed flowering of music after the Restoration of the Monarchy. As the son of a musician at Court, a chorister at the Chapel Royal, Henry Purcell worked in Westminster for three different kings over twenty-five years. In the Chapel Royal young Henry Purcell studied with Dr. John Blow. Legend has is that when, in 1679, Purcell succeeded Dr. Blow as organist of Westminster Abbey, the elder musician stepped aside in recognition of the greater genius. It is true that on Purcell’s death in 1695 Blow returned to the place of duty, and would write a dignified Ode on the Death of Purcell. In addition to his majestic duties Henry Purcell also dedicated much of his talent to writing operas, or rather melodious dramas, and incidental stage music. He would also write chamber music in the form of harpsichord suites and trio sonatas, and became occupied with the escalating London public concert scene. One of the most important musical developments in Restoration London was the continuing establishment of regular public concerts. In 1683 a group of gentlemen amateurs, and professional musicians started a â€Å"Musical Society† in London to celebrate the â€Å"Festival of St. Cecilia. They asked Henry Purcell, he was only 24 years old, to be the first to write an Ode for their festivals. Henry Purcell was to compose two more such Odes for the Society. Most of Purcell’s theatre music was written between 1690 and 1695, and within that comparatively brief period he supplied music for more than forty plays. Much of the instrumental music was published in 1697, when the composer’s widow compiled A Collection of Ayres; Compos’d for the Theatre, and upon Other Occasions. This body of music, viewed as a whole, shows that Henry ...

Heres How to Calculate pH Values

Here's How to Calculate pH Values Heres a quick review of how to calculate pH and what pH means with respect to hydrogen ion concentration, acids, and bases. Key Takeaways pH is a measure of how acidic or basic a chemical solution is.Normally, pH runs from 0 to 14.A neutral pH value is 7. A value less than 7 is acidic, while a value greater than 7 is basic.The formula for pH is  pH -log[H]. This means pH is the negative base 10 logarithm (log on a calculator) of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. To calculate it, take the log of the hydrogen ion concentration and reverse the sign to get the answer. Review of Acids, Bases, and pH Formula There are several ways to define acids and bases, but pH only refers to hydrogen ion concentration and is only meaningful when applied to aqueous (water-based) solutions. When water dissociates it yields a hydrogen ion and a hydroxide. H2O ↔ H OH- When calculating pH, remember that [] refers to molarity, M. Molarity is expressed in units of moles of solute per liter of solution (not solvent). If you are given concentration in any other unit (mass percent, molality, etc.), convert it to molarity in order to use the pH formula. Using the concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions, the following relationship results: Kw [H][OH-] 1x10-14 at 25 °Cfor pure water [H] [OH-] 1x10-7Acidic Solution: [H] 1x10-7Basic Solution: [H] 1x10-7 How to Calculate pH and [H] The equilibrium equation yields the following formula for pH: pH -log10[H][H] 10-pH In other words, pH is the negative log of the molar hydrogen ion concentration. Or, the molar hydrogen ion concentration equals 10 to the power of the negative pH value. Its easy to do this calculation on any scientific calculator because it will have a log button. This is not the same as the ln button, which refers to the natural logarithm. Example: Calculate the pH for a specific [H]. Calculate pH given [H] 1.4 x 10-5 M pH -log10[H]pH -log10(1.4 x 10-5)pH 4.85 Example: Calculate [H] from a known pH. Find [H] if pH 8.5 [H] 10-pH[H] 10-8.5[H] 3.2 x 10-9 M Example: Find the pH if the H concentration is 0.0001 moles per liter. pH -log[H]Here it helps to rewrite the concentration as 1.0 x 10-4 M because if you understand how logarithms work, this makes the formula: pH -(-4) 4 Or, you could simply use a calculator and take: pH - log (0.0001) 4 Usually, you arent given the hydrogen ion concentration in a problem but have to find it from a chemical reaction or acid concentration. Whether this is easy or not depends on whether youre dealing with a strong acid or a weak acid. Most problems asking for pH are for strong acids because they completely dissociate into their ions in water. Weak acids, on the other hand, only partially dissociate, so at equilibrium, a solution contains both the weak acid and the ions into which it dissociates. Example: Find the pH of a 0.03 M solution of hydrochloric acid, HCl. Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid that dissociates according to a 1:1 molar ratio into hydrogen cations and chloride anions. So, the concentration of hydrogen ions is exactly the same as the concentration of the acid solution. [H 0.03 M pH - log (0.03)pH 1.5 pH and pOH You can easily use the pH value to calculate pOH if you recall: pH pOH 14 This is particularly useful if youre asked to find the pH of a base since youll usually solve for pOH rather than pH. Check Your Work When youre performing a pH calculation, its a good idea to make sure your answer makes sense. An acid should have a pH much less than 7 (usually 1 to 3), while a base has a high pH value (usually around 11 to 13). While its theoretically possible to calculate a negative pH, in practice pH values should be between 0 and 14. This, a pH higher than 14 indicates an error either in setting up the calculation or else using the calculator.

Chinese Aid in Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Chinese Aid in Africa - Essay Example If nothing else, it is noteworthy that the two Asian giants are not so badly affected by the global economic downturn, unlike America which is still struggling to recover the 8 million jobs lost during the recession and undergoing a weak economic recovery. Without China and India, the world might have fared worse when the usual export markets of the United States and Europe are weak and cannot sustain demand for the worlds manufactured exports. Their domestic markets saved the day. Because of this increased role in the global economic arena, China and India have been under increased scrutiny from economists and politicians alike. There is increased discussion on how to harness these two giant economies to further global economic expansion despite its various differences in culture, strategic objectives, language and political environment. In the case of China, its history and culture are so vastly different from the West it has developed its own way of dealing with the new role and responsibility of suddenly being an economic and also military superpower. Although China and India are somewhat different from each other, it can be said their economic growth paths are not entirely unique (Kaplinsky & Messner 1). The impact of the two countries on the global political economy is largely due to their sheer size, both in terms of the economic output and population size. China alone accounts for nearly 20% portion of the entire human race while India accounts for 17%, as of the year 2004. It is quite interesting to see which country achieves first an economic miracle in terms of actual reduction in poverty levels. India had largely been self-sufficient as it was self-contained and started later than China in introducing free market and capitalist reforms (1992) while China had shed its socialist economic policies earlier (1979).  

Critically discuss some of the ways in which a range of childrens Essay

Critically discuss some of the ways in which a range of childrens services can be shaped by the participation of children. What is the role of the practitioner in enabling participation - Essay Example Indeed, listen to young people and children can play a very important role in the planning, commissioning, and delivery of children services. One way of improving various children’s services by participation of children is, according to Foley & Leverett (2008), listening to children’s views and considering them as part of decision-making. Apparently, children are considered to have ideas and views that are unique to their experience; this means that their contribution to decision-making is critical and legitimate. For instance, in order to improve children’s educational standards and opportunities, it would be prudent to listen to their ideas and views with regards to which teaching methods they think would best work for them, what factors result in truancy and school dropouts, how to better promote inclusion of girls, how to improve attendance rates, whether or not the curriculum is relevant, and how to better ensure effective discipline and good behaviour. Further, children can also participate in improve their services through advocacy, peer representation, evaluation of services that are meant for them, use of media and publicity, managing their own institutions, for instance, schools, and analysis and development of policy (Wright et al. 2006). For this participation to be successful and useful, it is important that their involvement is directly linked to their own experience-first hand. It is the role and duty of practitioners to enable the participation of children, by directly working with them through listening and responding to their voices. Further, it is also the role of practitioners to provide favourable environments where all young children can feel safe, powerful and confident; this will ensure that the children have the space and time to express their ideas and opinion in the form that best suits them. In fact, it is

The various theories of Language Acquisition Essay Example for Free

The various theories of Language Acquisition Essay The human race has been trying to explore the concept of language acquisition in children for centuries, and due to the nature of the subject matter, this of course is very difficult. The main debate between language theorists, however, began in the 20th century with the nature versus nurture debate. The generally accepted theory of language acquisition, supported by B. F. Skinner, was that children were completely lacking in the ability to converse when born, and that language was just another learned skill, such as walking and crawling. Supporting the argument that language acquisition was all due to the nurturing of the child, rather than an innate capacity to learn, Skinner believed in the theory of imitation and reinforcement. This concept suggests that children learn through positive and negative feedback (praise as opposed to corrections) from their parents or carers. To a certain extent, this theory could account for a large proportion of a childs development. Behaviourists who have observed parents with their children or young children in nurseries have noticed that when an dult suggests a new word to a child, the child is very likely to use it. However, there are of course many obvious limitations of this theory. When parents try to correct children too much, research has shown that children actually progess slower because they are not being allowed to express themselves as freely. Often, when a parent attempts to make a child repeat a certain sentence, the child is unable to respond correctly, because the syntactical structure is completely unfamiliar. Additionally, a parent or carer is more likely to dispute the content of a childs statement as opposed to the grammar. For example, if in the example above, the childs friends actually lived in Scotland, not Ireland, the parent would be more likely to correct this than the grammatical mistakes highlighted above. Furthermore, possibly one of the most important pieces of evidence to disprove this theory is that of virtuous errors a child makes when he or she is first learning to apply grammatical rules. For example, a child might say I thinked or I runned, because the usual ending for an English verb in the simple past tense is -ed. They certainly would not have heard this kind of error from a parent or carer, disputing the idea that language is merely learned through repetition and not through any form of innate ability whatsoever. When Noam Chomsky first responded to the generally accepted behaviourism theory with his own ideas of innate language abilities, taking the side of nature as opposed to nurture. Chomsky believed that children could not simply copy what they heard and create their own lexis, as the quality of adults language was too poor. Also citing virtuous errors such as overgeneralisations, he pointed out that children often create their own words when they do not know the correct term for what they are trying to describe, a concept called linguistic creativity. The key belief of nativism in Chomskys time was that children have a language acquisition device when they are born, which allows them to learn grammar rules and the like. Chomsky himself added to this concept bu suggesting that all human languages share a universal grammar, which is what children are capable of understanding and applying to their own mother tongue. A limitation of the nativist theory is that the ability to converse is not completely innate: children will need some form of stimulus from those around them, or their linguistic ability will be severely impaired. In particular, many theorists believe that for children, there is a cut-off point in their lives (often at about 7 years of age) when, if the child has not received sufficient stimulus, their capacity for language will be permaneantly weakened. Although not completely opposing this theory, these arguments do show that not all language ability is innate. A theory that has its roots in behaviourism is that of social interaction. The core idea of this theory is that childrens language acquisition is centred around close interaction with parents and carers, and that this interaction not only enables them to acquire language itself, but also allows them to learn pragmatics and the rules for conversing, such as taking turns to speak. The followers of this theory also believe that interaction creates a language acquisition support system, enabling children to place their language learning skills in context. The easily identifiable features of child-directed speech (such as exaggerated intonation, simplified grammar and lexis, and gestures) used by parents and carers supports this notion. Interactionists also suggest that repetitive scenarios, such as the same book, nursery rhyme or game, enables children to develop conversational skills such as turn-taking. While there is evidence to support this theory, the argument against it is that in many cultures around the world, there is no evidence of child-directed speech, and that the children are not adversely affected by this. The final key school of thought is the cognitive approach, who do not place as much emphasis on the acquisition of language itself, preferring to see it as a single part of a childs development in general: nativists, on the other hand, see language acquisition as a completely separate element. Psychologist Jean Piaget suggested that language can only come with understanding, and that children can only talk about objects and ideas that they fully understand, showing the link between speech and comprehension. A key stage of cognitive development supports this theory; that of object permeneance. When a child grasps the concept that even when an object is no longer in their sight, it still exists, there is a definite leap in their understanding and development, which includes language. At this time, children also learn to use pronouns correctly, and are more focused on learning common nouns for the objects around them. The other key leader of this theory, Lev Vygotsky, proposed that language had two roles: communication and for thought processes. After a short amount of time, he believed, language became closely linked with thought, leading to the natural link between language and understanding. However, there are, of course, limitations of this theory. Many children have displayed language skills completely at odds with their apparent cognitive skills, either more or less advanced. Of course, each theory of language acquisition has its own evidence to support it. A key mistake which many theorists made in the past was to assume that one theory could be found which covered all aspects of child development. Modern theorists now see the strengths and limitations of all schools of thought, and tend to use aspects from each theory to explain stages of language acquisition. It is generally accepted that we probably will never know the exact way in which children acquire language, due to the complex nature of the process.

Autobiography Essay -- Personal Narrative

I am divorced and the father of 3 children. I grew up in a farm community in North Carolina, and when I was 15, my family moved to Lexington, South Carolina. I attended City High School, taking classes that concentrated on Electrical and Electronic Engineering and math. I also played football from the third grade until I graduated high school. During my Junior and Senior years of high school, I also worked part time for an industrial electrical company. I learned a great deal about life in those years. Most teenagers my age were attending parties or working at the local grocery store. I, however, was working 30 or so hours a week installing electrical motors, 3 phase lighting, and 480 volt transformers. Once I graduated from high school, my parents wanted me to go to college. I decided that instead of having them pay for it, I would take care of the financial costs my own way: by joining the United States Army and utilizing the Montgomery G.I. Bill for college. I took the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) and scored in the top 5% for my class year. What this meant for me was that the recruiters were beating down my door. The U.S. Army made the best offer by laying a book down in front of me and telling me I could pick any job I wanted. I chose wireless communications, because I knew that in 1994, wireless phones, which in those days were the bag phones, were going to be around for a long time, and it was a new technology that had a lot of growing to do. I left for Basic Combat Training (BCT) on November 29th, 1994. I spent the next 10 months in BCT and Advanced Individual Training (AIT). I learned everything there is to know about wireless communications. I graduated AIT at the top of my class an... ... was stabbed recently by a homeless man that I tried to help, and instead of getting a thank you, I got a shank between the 10th and 11th ribs. I am one of those people that has a 5, 10, and 25 year plan. Within 5 years I plan to finish my Master’s Degree and move into a director position within Verizon Wireless. Within 10 years I plan to continue my career and help others under me reach their goals so that they, too, can be what they want themselves to be. Within 25 years I plan to partially retire, start my own small company and contract my services out to the wireless companies in the United States. At this point I would begin to travel more and see the world. I have led an exciting and full life in my thirty-or-so years. I have a lot to show for what I have learned and what I have done. Finishing my degree can only add to what I have already accomplished

Carrots Essay

Carrots is a root vegetable that originated in Afghanistan over 5000 years ago for there seeds and leaves. But today carrots are enjoyed for their fresh delicious flavours coming in all shapes and sizes in a variation of different colours like orange, red, yellow, purple, and white. Carrots can be purchased in all kinds of forms shredded, baby carrot, diced, sliced, regular size with leaf on or leaf off. Carrots can be stored in the fridge for up to 3 months but to prevent spoilage remove green leaves because the leaves draw moisture from the root causing carrots to dry out. Also carrots should be stored away from apples because they give off ethylene gas which causes carrots to become bitter. Purchasing carrots from the grocery store should be dried off if they are wet and tightly sealed in a plastic bag, what this does is it increases the nutrition value. Carrots contain B-carotene (a source of vitamin A), also it has fibres, anti-oxidants, minerals, calcium, potassium, magnesium, vitamins C,K and B6, also carrots helps improve eye sight, skin nourishment, hair growth, and reduces the risk of heart disease, and cancer. Carrots have many alternative ways they can be used like chopped for mirepoix, blended for drinks, boiled for soups & stews, fried for stir fry, steamed for side dishes, gratered for carrot cake, beauty remedies for hair & skin, or simply eaten raw. There are many recipes for carrots like carrot cake, glazed carrots, or ginger carrot soup. References www. carrotmuseum. com. uk www. foodnetwork. com / www. marthastewart. com (recipes)

Who is responsible for the downfall of Macbeth and how far does he fit the role of a Tragic hero?

In my essay I am going to be writing about who is responsible for the downfall of Macbeth and how far does he fit the role of a tragic hero. During the play we see how Macbeth's attitude changes. For example, at the beginning of the play, when he meets the witches, it is the witches want to meet him, â€Å"There to meet with Macbeth,† When he first meets them he talks in mannered voice. However after he becomes a king, he goes back to meet the witches and he is more demanding. In my opinion, there are many people responsible for Macbeth's downfall, Lady Macbeth, the witches and Macbeth himself. I am going to be discussing how they individually responsible and how they contribute to his downfall. For the second part of my essay I have been asked to discuss how far he fits the role of a tragic hero. A tragic hero is the main character who at the beginning is good, brave and noble but who changes because of a fatal flaw. A fatal flaw is a kind of mistake that is very dangerous. It could lead to lots of people suffering. I think Macbeth does fit the role of a tragic hero. He was born of Noble blood. At the begging he is a brave man, known as a noble man, and would do anything for his country and his king. â€Å"For brave Macbeth, well he deserves that name,† This tells us that people at the beginning people thought that he was brave. However, at the end becomes bad and kills the king, his friend Banquo and Macduff's family. The fatal flow of Macbeth is his ambition and desire. His ambition and desire made his country and himself suffer. â€Å"My way of life is fallen into the sere.† This shows that he has realized his mistake, which is another thing related to the title ‘tragic hero'. At the end the tragic hero realizes their mistake. In my essay I will be discussing who is responsible for his downfall which leads him to become a tragic hero. Macbeth was based in the 16th century. Supernatural belief during the 16th Century was a huge part of the resulting deaths of thousands of innocent people. Many years ago, people couldn't find any evidence to what caused the natural things like lightning in the sky, rain, birth and death. Because of this, they believed that natural things were controlled by the witches. They believed that witches can do various things, for example, they can control the weather, they can predict the future, they could fly, they could swim and also mostly they were women. Some women were put in the witch test. They would drop somebody in the water and if they can swim, they were witch and they would be punished to death. If they can't swim, they would drown and die. In my opinion, the first people who could be held responsible for Macbeth's downfall are the witches. At first Macbeth was a noble and a loyal man who would never even think about killing his king. However, the witches gave him the idea of becoming king. They prophesied his future. The prophecies were: 1 WITCH: â€Å"All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis!† 2 WITCH: â€Å"All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor!† 3 WITCH: â€Å"All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be King hereafter!† These prophecies were saying that he is the Thane of Glamis; he will become the Thane of Cawdor and would eventually become the king. At first Macbeth didn't believe in them. However, as soon he found out that he was the Thane of Cawdor, â€Å"He bade me, from him, call thee Thane of Cawdor.† He started to think about the prophecies again. â€Å"This supernatural soliciting cannot be ill, cannot be good. If ill, why hath it given me earnest of success, Commencing in a truth? I am Thane of Cawdor. If good, why do I yield to that suggestion?† On the other hand, the witches never told him to kill the king. They never told him he had to do anything. He could become the king like he became the Thane of Cawdor. In my opinion, we cannot really say they are entirely responsible for his downfall. God gave free will so he could have chosen not to listen to the witches. I think Macbeth could have ignored the witches' prophecies like Banquo. Banquo was also given prophecies. The prophecies for Banquo were: FIRST WITCH: â€Å"Lesser than Macbeth, and greater.† SECOND WITCH: â€Å"Not so happy, yet much happier.† THIRD WITCH: â€Å"Thou shalt get kings, though thou be none.† Macbeth went on to not only kill the king; he also killed his friend Banquo and Macduff's family. He did this because he thought that Banquo's children would become the king and that the witches had placed a â€Å"barren sceptre† in his hand. So he tried killing Banquo's son but was failed to kill him. He wanted his children to become the king after him. Also the witches were involved in giving him the idea of killing Macduff's family. After he became the king of Scotland, he went back to the witches to find out more. They gave him three more prophecies, these prophecies were given by the witches' master, and they were: FIRST APPARITION: â€Å"Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth! Beware Macduff; Beware the Thane of Fife.† SECOND APPARITION: â€Å"Be bloody, bold, and resolute; laugh to scorn the power of man, for no one given birth to by a woman shall harm Macbeth.† THIRD APPARITION: â€Å"Be lion-mettled, proud, and take no care who chafes, who frets, or where conspirers are: Macbeth shall never vanquish'd be until Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill shall come against him.† After hearing these prophecies, Macbeth felt invincible. He thought everyone is born of women so why should he be scared of Macduff, â€Å"Then live, Macduff. What need I fear of thee?† He also, after hearing the third prophecy, said â€Å"That will never be. Who can impress the forest, bid the tree unfix his earth-bound root? Sweet bodements, good! Rebellion's head, rise never, till the Wood of Birnam rise, and our high-placed Macbeth.† These prophecies led him to kill innocent people, the Macduff's family. I also think that Lady Macbeth can also be held responsible for her husband's downfall. The witches gave Macbeth the idea of becoming the king but Lady Macbeth persuaded him to kill Duncan. Lady Macbeth urged her husband to commit murder and it was this action that led to Macbeth's downfall but she did not know that he would go on to kill again and again. Nevertheless, she was just responsible for the murder of King Duncan but after he decided to kill more people, like Banquo and even Macduff to hide his sins. After Lady Macbeth receives the letter about how one of the prophecies from the witches came true, she calls upon the evil spirits. â€Å"Fill me, from the crown to the toe, top-full of direst cruelty.† She knows that Macbeth is a good person and he would not kill Duncan, â€Å"Yet do I fear thy nature: it is too full o' the milk of human kindness.† In Shakespeare's time women weren't treated equal as men. She would've have had more powers because if Macbeth becomes the King, then she can become the queen. Macbeth, on the other hand, does not like the idea at first of having to kill his king to take his position. He gives lots of reason to not to kill the king, â€Å"First as I am his kinsman and his subject, strong both against the deed; then, as his host, who should against his murderer shut the door, not bear the knife myself.† He also says that Duncan has been a good king. â€Å"†¦Duncan hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been so clear in his great office, that his virtues will please like angels.† Lady Macbeth becomes aware of her husband's weakness, and persuades him, allowing his ambitions get the better of him, and believed that it was her responsibility to guide Macbeth to being king. She accuses him of being coward and not a man. â€Å"And live a coward in thine own esteem,† here she says that is she living with a coward. Also she says what she would do if she promised something, â€Å"How tender ‘t is to love the babe that milks me: I would, while it was smiling in my face, have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums, and dashed the brains out, had I sworn as you have done to this.† This shows that she would have done anything she promised, although she is a woman, so he should do as he has promised to be a man. Macbeth tries to make Lady Macbeth understand the possible consequences for killing the king. He always tries to back down, â€Å"We will proceed no further in this business: he hath honoured me of late; and I have bought golden opinions from all sorts of people,† but she is always calling him coward and says he is not a man. He is scared if somebody finds out. He is ready to take on the consequences of the hereafter but he is afraid of the consequences of this life. â€Å"But, in these cases, we still have judgement here,† this confirms that he knows he is going to get punished on earth, which he is scared of. The final thing that is responsible for Macbeth's downfall is Macbeth's ambition. Macbeth could not control his urges to be King. He followed his ambitions without regard to humanity or the affects his actions would have on the people around him. He carried on and listened to his wife and the witches. Macbeth had a choice but he picked the bad choice and chose to kill the king and then later decided himself to kill again and again. â€Å"I have done this deed.† Lady Macbeth only manipulated him to kill the king, but the decisions to kill and Banquo and the Macduff family were his own. He decided to kill these people listening to the prophecies of the witches. He killed Banquo, and tried to kill Banquo's son, because he didn't want Banquo's children to be the king. He decided to kill Macduff because of the prophecies that were given by the witches the second time. Evidence that shows that he wanted to become the king is he wrote the letter to his wife. He wanted support from his wife. He should not have written the letter to his wife and not let her know about the prophecies. He chose to let her know and chose to let her persuade him to kill King Duncan. Writing the letter to his wife informing her about the witches and their prophecies shows that becoming king was initially in his mind. Macbeth was not weak but his ambitions made him morally weak. At the beginning of the play, Macbeth was described as a brave warrior who was loyal to his king. The king also liked him, â€Å"And, when he reads thy personal venture in the rebels' fight, his wonders and his praises do contend,† but like any other person, he had his fatal flaw. His fatal flaw was he had ambitions â€Å"vaulting ambition†. In conclusion I think that it was the witches and Lady Macbeth who are responsible for the start of his downfall. If the witches had not given him the idea of becoming a king then he probably would not have thought about becoming the king. If Lady Macbeth had not influenced him, then he probably would have stopped. However, Macbeth did listen to the witches and Lady Macbeth. Then he is the one who is actually responsible for his downfall. He is the one made the final decision and he is the one who led him self into the role of tragic hero. He made himself suffer, â€Å"My way of life is fallen into the sere.†

Culture Collision Essay Essays

Culture Collision Essay Essays Culture Collision Essay Essay Culture Collision Essay Essay Culture hits has been both positive negative to those involved such as Columbus and his tally in with the Natives Americans. Gallic revolution and the Haitian slaves. and African Imperialism. In any civilization. subculture. or household in which belief is valued above idea. and self-surrender is valued above self-expression. and conformance is valued above unity. those who preserve their self-pride are likely to be epic exclusion. In the civilization hits I learned about most was seeking to alter others civilization and positions on life in this eassy I will give more backgrand on the positive and negatives of the hits of new universes like Columbus and the new American. Haitia revolution. and Africans new manner of life. I start my civilization hit with a immature sailer by the name of Christopher Columbus and his tally in with the Native Americans. Columbus sailed for Spain but was from Itialy. Columbus hunt was for spices. He thought by sailing west across the Atlantic it would convey a ship to Eastern Asia. His programs made sense. but columbus greatly underestimated earth’s size. and had no thought that two continents lay in his way. Once columbus got to the new universe he call the indigens. Indiains believing he was in Asia. †As shortly as I arrived in the Indies. on the first Island which I found. I took some of the indigens by force in order that they might larn and might give me information of whatever there is in these parts† . ( -christopher columbus 1492 ) . After happening out that these people was non what they seem. Columbus and the Natives American made a pact. The indigens were good neighbood they tought Columbus how there lands plants. and ways to function the land. Columbus used this new found universe to convey European. Americans. and African civilizations together. Not merely did he collied the civilization he brought nutrients and animate beings. Even though the hit had good bend out at that place was a down autumn of this hit with Columbus inhumain manner of handling the Natives Americans. In two old ages. through slaying. mutilation. or self-destruction. half of the 250. 000 Indians on Haiti were dead. ( -Zinn. ) . Columbus killed many of the Natives Americans after friending them. After they though him what he needed to cognize they was non use to him. Even though Columbus collied. the universe at what cost was that to all the life’s he took. The following civilization hits was the revolution of Haiti and French. get downing with Napoleon against a free slave named Toussaint L’Ouverture. Haiti had heared to Enlightenment Thinkers talk of equal rights and thought that they should be intitled to the rights besides. Napoleon started out as an Italian general and ended up being one of the greatest historical figures. First. Directors requested Napoleon’s support while forming a putsch d’etat. Then. Bonaparte fought Britain in order to profit France. Last. he was called to assist making a new fundamental law and ended up as the First Consul of France. At place. he ruled utilizing flattery. but besides he strongly resisted the resistance. Napoleon is a pro-revolutionist because he denied all the privileges of the nobility. created a new fundamental law. and besides established the Napoleonic Code. ( -Brainard. 1998-2008 ) †Neapoleon was one of the greatest generals who of all time lived. But at the terminal of the eighteenth century a self-educated slave with no military preparation drove napoleon out of Haiti and led his state to indepenence. The singular leader of this slave rebellion was Toussaint Breda ( subsequently called toussaint l’ouverture. and sometimes the †black napoleon† ) . Slave rebellions from this clip usually ended in executings and failure. this clip was different. † ( -Brainard. 1998-2008 ) . Toussaint become the leader of the slaves rebellion. He successfully fought the Gallic who were helped by yielding to yellow febrility in big Numberss every bit good as occupying Spanish and British ( who wanted to take down Napoleon for the decapitation of the male monarch and queen ) . After the Gallic Revolution was in the custodies of Jacobins. who leaded the Reign of Terror. So Napoleon and L’Ouverture agree to footings of peace by giving them there indepenence. A few months subsequently l’ouverture was invited to come to a negociating meeting will full safe behavior. When he got at that place napoleon betrayed the safe behavior and arrested him. seting him on a ship. Napoleon ordered that l’ouverture be placed in a prison keep in the mountains. and murdered by agencies of cold. famishment. and neglect. L’ouverture died in prison. ( -Brainard. 1998-2008 ) but others carried on his battle and six months subsequently napoleon gave up his battle. This hits allowed the indepenence of Haiti. In Africa. Europeons wanted the Cu. tusk. gold. and diamonds the Africans held in there mines. African’s used bondage as a portion of their mundane life. When the Europeans arrived overseas in Africa they were intrigued by this thought of bondage. They felt that the African people were used to the hot conditions and long and difficult working yearss. They thought of the inkinesss every bit inferior as good. They needed people to make their labour in the New World and were sent over in the African Slave Trade ( Corretti. 1500-1800 ) . Slavery had a different significance in the New World than it did in Europe. Peoples were considered movable in the New World. This means that one homo was the belongings of another homo. The Europeans needed to happen people to maintain up with the labour on the plantations in the new universe ( Corretti. 1500-1800 ) . Europeons capitalists carved up the continents in order to guarantee their wealth. Many English. French. and Germans travelled to do Africans chistian. Europeons inslaved these Africans and spilt households apart. Africans opposition to the imperialism. Shaka Zulu led the Zulu people againist the Boers and Brithish. Brilliantly fought off military personnels for 30 old ages. In the terminal Britin control Southen Africa. Yaa Asantewaa led the Asante Kingdom against the British in West Africa. Last conflict in series of 100 old ages of war between Asante and England. Menelik the 2nd led Ethiopia against Europeon settlers. Hired Europeons to learn them how to read and utilize Europeons arms. In 1896. Ethiopia smashed the Italians ; Ethiopia was neer colonized. ( -malone. 2012 ) Beside Ethiopia. the African Imperialism was a negitive civilization hit it had no effects on the universe in my eyes merely the europeon mading others do at that place durty work. In decision. civilization hits privde to be both positive and negitive. Not one hits had one with out the other. Columbus didn’t decover a New World but brought others together. But so once more in his procedure of making so he mistreated sort people and about whiped out the native race. With the Haitian and Gallic Revolution Napoleon ketp the haitain in slaved when he came to power. In the African Imperialism they inslave most of Africa because of there industalition and necessitate difficult workers for small to no wage after the kid labour Torahs. Well without any of these hits we wouldn’t be populating in the sort of universe we do now.

Effective Tips For Writing Law Essays

Effective Tips For Writing Law Essays Law Essay: Pointers for a Captivating Essay Even as a law student, you are bound to write an essay at some point in your coursework. You will come to realize that the complexity of writing this type of essay keeps changing as the topics are modified and updated regularly. To ensure your essay is first-class, you should be updated with the latest content on the law as it comes by, and have been of good quality in research. This will give you an advantage of crafting a top-class essay that your reader can relate with. Below are the ways you can apply to ensure you come up with a law essay that is competent and lucid: Picking the Topic to Discuss To many students, this seems to be an easy thing to do. However, t you should know that it is a crucial part of the law essay you intend to write. Below are dependable themes that you should know in order to pick a good topic: Read the assignment more than once Many students take this as a light issue. You would be surprised by a large number of students who drop their grades in law essay writing because of avoiding reading and understanding the given promptly. If the topic provided has an assigned topic, then the logic is centrally based. The student will research ideas that are only related to the topic and determine how to approach it, either by broadening the topic or narrowing it down to a specific point of view. The construction of your essay will majorly depend on the topic; the length of paper signed (this will determine the fitting of your essay outline), and the academic level you are addressing. However, if the topic is not provided, you are required to either choose for yourself the subject you feel interested in or alternatively consult your professor.   Topics you personally choose will have the potential to award you better grades; simply because of the motivation behind the writing will be more informative and inspiring. Go Through the Class Notes The class notes will provide some in-depth information that you require in your research. It is advisable to choose a topic that was discussed briefly in class, which will help you craft a profound law essay piece. This will guarantee you excellent future grades in your work. Always Brainstorm Your Topic After reading through your class work, find more inspiration in articles, and any other material you have collected while you initially conducted research on the topic. At this stage, you should highly consider the length of the paper you have been awarded and the arrangement of each piece of information to form a draft outline structure. There are many ways of brainstorming your work. You can either contemplate quietly or mind maps. Choose the one that you can easily work with. This will help you in creating a list of questions that should be answered, and the arguments to be addressed. You will be ready to write a good essay when you realize that your arguments and ideas relate to the questions and to be answered, and the topic that is being addressed. Be Fluent Addressing Your Interests Writing on the subject matter you have an interest in, or passionate about is the easiest way to come up with a high-quality paper. Reflecting on your passion in law, while crafting your essay is the best way to get inspiration and motivation. Conduct An In-Depth Research By now, you should know that initial research is not enough to come up with sufficient content for your essay topic. There are many ways of crafting an A+ paper and understanding the types of sources required for your paper is a vital part. As you do your research, you will come across different sources, but this does not mean they all relate to your research. Below are some essential tips to help you pick sources that relate to your work, and still comply with the standards for academic writing: Brainstorm on the types of sources you need All sources of information are categorized into primary, secondary and tertiary sources.   Primary sources are basically interviews; questionnaires and any other form of getting first-hand information. Secondary sources entail the full analysis of the information gathered from primary sources. Tertiary sources collectively analyze information gathered from both primary and secondary sources. When it is time to conduct your extensive research, remember to through your assignment again. You might, however, realize that the professor has assigned the type of sources you are to use with your work. Others include the number of resources you are to analyze. It this case, do not deviate and analyze sources that have not been given. When the prompt given lacks information, you can write the basic law essay which is founded on your secondary and tertiary research work. Primary research is mostly associated with multifaceted assignments like thesis and dissertations. Remember to Always Start with Your Tertiary Sources This tip is efficient in helping you avoid time wastage while conducting research on your topic. Since they contain the main points and arguments of both primary and secondary sources, they will give you reliable information that will help you write a top-class law essay. This will give you a chance to quickly go through your written work concerning the subject of discussion, and pick related books, articles or any other source of information relating to your subject of discussion. Tertiary sources are mostly academic guidebooks such as the standard textbooks and encyclopedias. As you use them in your research make sure you read through the footnotes and bibliographies which make a list of reference sources you can use for research. Talk with the Librarian Even though it is easy to get information online, do not underestimate the knowledge and information you can find in your local, or university library. You will be surprised at the amount of information regarding a particularly important subject matter that cannot be found in the World Wide Web. Take advantage of this and visit a library near you. This will also give you a chance to talk to the librarian who will help you locate suitable sources for the information you require. The librarians knowledge might extend to your topic for discussion, and engaging one will help you a lot in the writing of your law essay. Only Use Specialized Search Engines The Google search engine has an incredible amount of useful information, but most are structured to relate more to fun than for academic purposes. However, their Google scholar search engine is the best option when it comes to searching for academic information. For those who live in the United States, HeinOnline.org can also be a resourceful online search engine containing a huge number of credible and acceptable information you can use. While you embark on your research, take the tie to go through information related to your field of study. History and politics are the most common ones. Cautiously Read Through Each Source You Collect Many students commit the same mistake each and every time they are writing an essay. They collect random materials they find in their online research and aimlessly fill their bibliographies with unrelated academic resources. Please do keep in mind that even if the topic of the article or source feels kind of related to your work, it does not mean that the content will relate to your topic. You may underestimate the knowledge of your professor about this, but your grades will tell you later since he might beware. Remember that it is crucial to go through your sources and use the complete citation as per the required style (APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard) to fill your bibliography section. Also remember that some of the quotes you have used come from these sources, so it is important to ensure that you pay attention when it comes to referencing and in-text citation. Only Choose Topics That Fit Your Preference and Make Notes After you select a point that fits your essay topic, make a summary of each point and related argument that you will use in your law essay. There are two ways to do it; either you highlight the crucial parts or create a separate document and copy paste the information. However, this might be an easy way to approach note-taking, but it is not an as effective process. Taking notes manually ensures that you put down points oriented to your topic to help you easily create a comprehensive law essay that is well outlined. Have in mind that copy-pasting is a risky process as you might end up putting the same content into your essay. This is subject to plagiarism and can lower your grade heavily when it is detected. Make sure that you utilize the note-taking process as you will be able to come up with unique ideas that are original and logical. Conduct a Research of Opposing Arguments As a writer, you are required to compose an essay which mostly relates to your point of view. However, your point of reason should not be one-sided, especially in topics that are complex or controversial such as those in law. Take time and conduct thorough research of opposing arguments and use them to prove the validity of your point of reason over them to your target audience. The process of Writing Your Law Essay After you have done enough research and gathered enough evidence to work with, you can now start writing your law essay. Below are some tips that will help you in the construction of your law essay easily.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Begin with a thesis Take a look at the main research question you were deliberating about earlier. If you did complete the full research and analysis of it, you could use it to address your thesis statement. This will include the primary issue you will discuss in your essay. The thesis statement should be the closing statement of your introductory paragraph.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Formulate a Draft Outline You can easily achieve this by going through your previously drafted work on the law essay topic and arrange the vital information available to fit a logical flow of your intended idea.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Each Paragraph To Address a Single Argument Your introductory paragraph addresses your problem and the thesis statement. For body paragraphs, use them to expound on your point and support them with valid information and arguments to prove your point of view. Additionally, ensure that each paragraph addresses a single point of view. Remember to arrange your body paragraph in order, for your work to make sense when a reader goes through it.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Include the Opposing Arguments As mentioned earlier, your counter-arguments are necessary to give the reader an impression of the validity of your perspective. Use one paragraph to address the opposing arguments to your thesis statement. While you try to prove the counter-arguments wrong, always remember to remain reasonable and logical as you address the issue. Avoid criticizing and prove your point sufficiently.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Write a Well-Organized Conclusion A well-organized conclusion should consist of a restatement of each valid point that you have argued in your body paragraphs. At the start of it, you should also write a restated thesis statement. The idea here is not to paraphrase your points, to restate and prove that it’s right.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Go Through the Paper Again Proofreading is an important aspect of ensuring your essay is first-class and worth the highest grade to be awarded by your professor. You should do this after you have finished writing the final piece of work. It is advisable to do it the following day when you are fresh enough to go through each statement you have put across carefully. Through this, you will identify any mechanical or technical error, from spelling mistakes to punctuation, and even grammatical errors.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Work with the Required Formatting As you proofread your work, it is important to check the outline structure of your work and academic format (this will be specified in the assignment prompt). If none is provided, pick one of your preferred choices and stick to it until you finish your work.

Venice Biennale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Venice Biennale - Essay Example   Antonio Fradeletto was selected General Secretary and grew to become probably the most persuasive people of the time period. Owing to his diplomatic talent he was associated with the choice of the performers, the set-up of the expedition, and eventually the development of the international pavilions.The Venice Architecture Biennale is the world's grandest festivity and display of the model of structures. Which, as architecture is either an art or a business, signifies it hovers between becoming an ethnic festival as well as a business fair. And also, as architects will surely have an extremely high understanding of the significance of their work, their displays can together appear like a collection of contending pitches in the exchanging of opponent varieties of genius. Consecutive admins of the biennale – another one is approved every time – are aware of this. The portion of their task is to put a style for the entire event, which is fundamentally a huge list of ex positions and debates, so they want to devise ones which emphasize that architects are not at all times egomaniacs, but they really possess an important duty to wider and flourishing culture. "Less Appearance, More Ethics" was the authorized title tag a few years back in the past. (Crow, 1996) It had been "People Meet in Architecture" in the year 2010. It really is, and constantly, huge. The part uses up the 16th-century corderie of the ammunition dump of the Venetian republic, great rope-making events hundreds of meters extended.   

The Similarities and Differences in Perceptions of a Thai Boutique Essay

The Similarities and Differences in Perceptions of a Thai Boutique Hotel Between Hoteliers and Guests - Essay Example The guests assert that a boutique hotel is distinguished by its size. It has less than a hundrded rooms and does not form part of a big hotel chain. Moreover, it is usually found in an urban setting, and are uniquely designed. On the contrary, managers emphasize the hotels uniqueness rather than its size. On the rationale for choosing such hotels, the response of the guests can be summarized into five main factors: (1) design; (2) services; (3) atmosphere; (4) location; and (5) price. The managers, on the other hand, emphasize the boutique hotels leverage on price. On attributes, it can be said that for majority of guests, the atmosphere is one very influential factor in helping them choose a hotel to check in.   Another variable that a guest considers important in the choice of hotels is the design, which is affirmed by the respondent managers, indicating that a unique concept is a strong selling point of boutique hotels.   Finally, all managers have the same opinion that the lo cation is also as important as the design and the atmosphere noting that the right location can be an advantage if the boutique hotels cannot compete with the prestige of the chain hotels. It may also be concluded that in terms of guest expectations, convenient location, radiant style, quality product offerings, available amenities and facilities, excellent customer service are among the services and/or attributes that a guest would expect the most from the boutique hotel. Boutique hotels originated in the United Kingdom in the early 1980s when Anouska Hempel designed the first boutique hotel called Blake’s located in London. However, there has been much debate going on regarding this issue, with some individuals arguing that the concept of boutique hotels started in 1984 thanks to a certain Ian Schrager and Steve Ribell, both of which opened Morgans Hotel in New York (Brights, 2007). In this chapter, the researcher would like to give a brief introduction about

Henry Clay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Henry Clay - Essay Example as Senator from Kentucky (1806-1807); came back to the State House of Representatives (1807-1809) and in 1810 he came back to the Senate and served until 1811 (Clay 1852, 87). He was the pioneer of a group of Congressmen known as the War Hawks when he was a U.S. Agent and Speaker of the House from 1811 to 1814. According to Kelly (2002), Henry went ahead to serve as a U.S. Delegate, and again as the Speaker of the House. Henry distinction as a compromiser originated from his contribution with the Missouri Compromise, the Comprise Tariff of 1833, and the Compromise of 1850 (Clay 1852, 87). Henrys father passed on in 1781; the year British and supporter warriors attacked the region and plundered the Clay home (Clay and Ellis 1910, 15). After ten years, his mother remarried and his stepfather moved the family to Richmond, where he filled in as an agent in the store. Afterward, from 1793 to 1797, he served as a secretary to George Wythe, chancellor of the High Court of Chancery. Henry had minimal general knowledge, though he read in Wythes library and figured out how to capitalize on inadequate data. He moved to Lexington, Ky., in November 1797 and made the notoriety for being a legal counselor. Henry and Lucretia Hart tied a knot in 1799 and were lucky to have 11 kids. Henry Clays life and political vocation assumed a vital part in the progressions made in the state of Kentucky, and in addition the country. His handle, "The Great Compromiser," was given to him based on his arrangement and trading off aptitudes. Henry led a careless life as he was a drunkard and a gambler during the time for his high stakes; this did not ruin an open profession in this youthful American, and he had properties that served him well on legislative issues (Clay 1852, 57). Adams, who had watched him closely, said Clay was "half-taught" yet included that the world had been his school and that he had "the entire ideas imperative to a famous man." Clay was chosen to Kentucky state assembly

The Importance Of Recruitment And Selection Business Essay

The Importance Of Recruitment And Selection Business Essay The following chapter critically reviews relevant literature on the nature of recruitment and selection. This is based on the understanding that there is a key difference between recruitment and selection. The key differences highlighted in the literature are therefore discussed firstly. Reasons why organisations recruit staff are then considered, focusing on why the banking sector has a particular interest. Factors impacting on recruitment and selection are analysed. Recruitment and selection methods are then evaluated. At the end of this chapter, a brief conclusion of the above is concluding whether there are any best practices available for organisations to ensure a good recruitment and selection process. Differences between recruitment and selection In the literature differences between recruitment and selection are identified, though they are the components of one system. For example Taylor (2008) highlights that recruitment is used to attract well qualified applicants. Similarly Pilbeam and Corbridge (2002) state recruitment aims to attract suitably qualified candidates for particular positions. It is the phase directly before selection. Moreover Stredwick (2006) describes recruitment policy as an organisations performance manner, including rules and regulations to be followed. On the contrary, Taylor (2008) indicates that in selection, employer picks out the best and rejects the others from recruitment pool, also known as negative activity. Similarly Edenborough (2005) states selection as a combination of different processes which lead towards the choices of suitable candidates over others. From the above, it can be synthesised that recruitment is basically an attraction of the candidates for the available post, however in selection employer chooses the best available candidate for the post. Nature of recruitment In nature of recruitment, the reasons why organisations recruit staff are discussed. Firstly, an organisation recruits because of an increase in the business volume, which requires more skilful staff to meet the needs and demands of customer. According to the Heraty et al. (1997), that organisations are altered their structures that are built on functions and jobs, to empower individuals with diverse backgrounds, are replacing conventional specialised workers. Secondly, an organisation recruits because it needs a replacement for a leaver or entirely new vacancy occours. Sometimes recruitment is just because of the short of knowledge and pair of hands in an organisation. The empty space is necessary to be filled and it is purely a functional matter. Thirdly, staff turnover is the reason of recruitment in an organisation. Employee turnover is the rate at which an employer gains and loses employees. In other words, it means that how long employees be likely to stay in the organisation. Employee turnover is calculated for individual companies and for their industry as a whole. If an organisation acheives high turnover relative to its competitors, shows that its employees have a shorter average tenure than other organisations. The productivity of an organisation suffers, if there is high turnover because of high number of begainer employees. If the resourcing process of an organisation is not validate to employee right people for the right posts then there is a tendency of people leaving the organisation more often than competitors. It puts very bad impact on business operations because the number of important positions are oftenly empty which delays the completion of operations as well as the new employee takes some time to adjust and thus creates some more problems for organisation. Also organisation invests a huge amount of cost in recrutment process and because of the wrong resourcing policy or wrong selection tool organisation losse it all. It creates the unconsistancy amongst the staff and customers behaviour as well and ultimately effects profit of the organisation. Nothing can be more frustrating to a small business owner or manager than the constant aggravation of employee turnover. High or low employee turnover can be detrimental for organisations. Employee turnover can vary as a result of the industry and location of organisation. For instance, the food service industry typically experiences turnover of 100-300%. The stress of employee turnover is much greater on smaller businesses than larger corporations. There is a valid formula designed for calculation of employee turnover used by many banks all over the world. Total employee turnover cost = Costs of hiring new employees + Costs of training new employees Factors impacting on recruitment and selection There are some following factors impacting on the recruitment selection for an organisations decision making. Economic: The salary packages offered by the organisations to its employees are sometimes resulting in the staff expectations, which create difficulties for organisations. Sometimes the location of an organisation is also contributes to the difficulties in attracting skilled and experience applicants. Conversely, Gribben (1999), state that organisations are cutting back on recruitment despite growing confidence of economy. Demographic: Demographic factors are the most important factors affecting on the recruitment. These factors state (Linda, 2001) that in future the number of older people is increasing and younger people is decreasing. If so, there will be shortage of young skilled workers in future and organisations have to recruit multi-skilled employees and work hard to retain their employees. Social: Linda (2001), states that the appropriate candidate availability can be influenced because of the social blend of the labour group, which probably limit the types of skills required. Various government regulations prohibiting discrimination in hiring and employment have direct impact on recruitment practices. Also, trade unions play important role in recruitment. This restricts management freedom to select those individuals who it believes would be the best performers. However, the recruiters need to be able to understand the process, skills and able to take a systematic approach for the successful process. Recruitment methods The business scenario and job vacancy shows how the employer performs the whole recruitment process, from submitting a recruitment request, to advertising the vacancy and selecting personnel, to closing the recruitment cycle.  It consists of three business participants; the candidate, the employer and the external service provider. The candidate is the internal or external  person who is actively or passively looking for a new position.  The employer takes both the role of the hiring manager and the recruiter. The hiring manager is the one who has an open position to fill. The recruiter is an HR department employee who helps the hiring manager to  find suitable candidates and select and employ the right persons. The employer submits a recruitment request for the positions to be filled. For this recruitment request the employer looks the available talents and then  specifies the recruitment plan, for example which target group should be given first choice, where to advertise , and so on. The most appropriate candidates receive an offer from employer and if the candidates accept the offer, the employer closes the recruitment cycle and prepares for their hiring. There are mainly two types of recruitment methods which a manager can recruit; internal and external recruitment. Internal recruitments: Before going for external resources i.e. advertising, agencies or consultants, it is important to review of an internal recruitment for candidates are made. Internal recruitment is when the business looks to fill the vacancy from within its existing workforce. Most of the private sector employers, as a matter of course, attempt to fill vacancies internally before they consider looking for people outside the organization (Newell 2005; CIPD 2007). According to Fuller and Huber (1998), internal recruitment consists of four methods i.e. promotions from within, lateral transfers, job rotation and rehiring former employees. Similarly, in internal recruitment promotion and transfer of existing personnel or through referrals, by current staff members, of friends and family members. Where internal recruitment is the chosen method, job openings can be advertised by job posting, which is a strategy of placing notices on manual and electronic bulletin boards, in company newsletters and through office memoranda. Referrals are usually word-of-mouth advertisements that are a low-cost-per-hire way of recruiting. In each of these methods the current or former staff of the organisations is made aware of the opportunities available to develop their career wi th some new role. Pros: The vacancies can be advertised using notice boards, newsletters, intranet system etc which is very much cost effective and a big advantage for the employers to retain their experienced employees by providing them these career developing opportunities. Other advantages according to Taylor (2008), includes that the employers dont have to spend huge investment on staff training, the time taken to fill the vacancy is usually much quicker and also enhancing motivation commitment among existing staff. In other words when the existing employees know that they get promotion by doing excelent work or completing the task well and less time than others, which give them motivation to do satisfactory work for organisation, if they need promotion. Cons: Internal recruitment is like an old way that tends to carry out the tasks and work in existing ways of thinking. There are also some strong arguments put forward by some researchers writers against the internal recruitment. Heneman (2000) states that traditional approach of internal recruitment starts with the assumption that the individual from the organisation can be promoted upwards and is capable of fulfilling the required persons post. The managers hence are more attentive to analyse the work of the available working staff suitable for the vacancy and employees start competing each other for the promotion. Because of the internal competition between employees for promotion there are some problems i.e. employees attitude, which can be harmful for the organisations atmosphere and goals. This type of recruitment is useful for smaller organisations but not for bigger ones or MNCs. Because small firms have very limited resources regarding to thier finances so firms hesitate to spend a big amount of finance on external recruitment and traning of employees, even at the cost of putting inappropriate or less experianced person for vacant place. New experience is also need of a time for any organisation in t odays competitive world. Similarly Hirish (2000) highlights that sometimes the promoted person is less capable of handling all the situations required by the post i.e. rehabilitate the failed internal candidates so as to avoid the bad performances, unnecessary resignations and collapse in office relationship. In other words the promoted person usually dont have interpersonal qualities to motivate theose employees who are having some problems as well as keep an eye on their needs thoughts or not a perfect choice for the required post. Internal recruitment does not always produce the number or quality of personnel needed i.e. the organisation needs to recruit from external sources, either by encouraging walk-in applicants; advertising vacancies in newspapers, magazines and journals, and the visual and/or audio media; using employment agencies to head hunt; advertising on-line via the Internet; or through job fairs and the use of college recruitment. External recruitments: External recruitment is when the business looks to fill the vacancy from any suitable applicant outside the business. It is the process of attracting and selecting employees from outside the organization. It depends entirely on the numbers and level of the vacancies. Process of identifying and hiring best qualified candidates, from outside of an organisation, for a job vacancy, in a most timely and cost effective manner. There are numerous different approaches used to attract the external employees, in which some of them are more conservative than the others. According to Taylor (2008) banks use following methods of advertisement of the job posts for external employees; printed media, external agencies, education liaison and other methods i.e. personal reccomendations, telephonic interviews, internet etc When managers deciding, which method to use for recruitment, they also have to consider other methods benefits back draws. Recruiters always think about every option available for t hem and then deciding the best one for organisation. The line managers of any organisation is the most responsible person regarding to recruitment and selection because they are solely responsible for decision making at the initial stages of process, whether or not the applicant fulfil the requirement for the required post (Heraty Morley, 1998).   There are some different ways or methods through which line managers and HR department work combinely to recruit employees. Print Media In print media national newspapers, local newspapers, trade professional journals and magazines are suitable for attracting the candidates. Advertisements are the most common form of external recruitment. They can be found in many places (local and national newspapers, notice boards, recruitment fairs) and McKenna Beech (2002) emphasies that this should include some important information relating to the available vacancy (job title, pay package, location, job description, how to apply-either by CV or application form). Because by doing this, only those candidates will apply for the job who are capable of fulfilling the requirements of the organisation and resisting those who are not appropriate. Where a business chooses to advertise will depend on the cost of advertising and the coverage needed (i.e. how far away people will consider applying for the job. The choice of publication depend upon target audiance and Paddison (1990), explains that by doing appropriate advertisement an o rganisation can also acheive the diversity objectives as well. External Agencies In external agencies, job centres are the most important recruitment methods. Job centres are paid for by the government and are responsible for helping the unemployed find jobs or get training. They also provide a service for businesses needing to advertise a vacancy and are generally free to use. This is a good for business because by doing this organisation attracts a big pool of applicants, who fulfil all the requirements of vacant post and organisation has a good choice to pick a right and suitable person. It is also a cost effective way of sourcing candiadtes for interview. Public service agencies enjoy greater exposure to scrutiny than most private sector organisations; therefore, openness and transparency in recruitment and selection practices are crucial. The discussion that follows will identify some of the options available for attracting applicants to the public service job market and discuss strategies for managing the process. The external service provider is an external agent who supports the overall recruitment strategies, the use of various media channels,  the assessments of candidates and pre- employment checks. Another way of recruitment is Recruitment agency. These agencies provides employers with details of suitable candidates for a vacancy and can sometimes be referred to as head-hunters. They work for a fee and often specialise in particular employment areas e.g. nursing, financial services, teacher recruitment. When organisation wishes to fill a vacancy of senior post or a highly specialist person required then the organisations have very small choices because of huge expected qualification. For this purpose, managers use Executive search agencies. These agencies charge very high cost for their services. External agencies are very benificial and cost effective way of recruitment for organisations especially for the banks but it is very lengthy and time taking process, which can take more time than usual. And sometimes by resourcing through agencies, organisations are not able to find such a candidate who is perfect for the vacancy. Education liaison Another form of recruitment which is available for employee recruitment is widely used known as education liaison. In this method, managers recruiting people directly from the educational institutions. The most attractive recruitment is of graduate recruitment. The Careers advisers in schools and colleges, and university appointment boards, may be able to provide suitable candidates. According to McKenna Beech (2002), some of the organisations traditionally taken the employees from education institutions have operated many processes to recruit the young people, who are in their final-year or just completed their studies. Many organisations also recruit young educated employees through open days, recruitment fairs, careers fairs and careers conventions. This type of resourcing is normally prove to be very benificial for banks/organisations because they attract those candidates who are familiar with the new ways and techniques of business field and also enthusiastic to develop their carrers. Other Methods There are some others methods too available to mangers for resourcing. One of them isPersonal recommendation. It is often referred to as word of mouth and can be a recommendation from a colleague at work. A full assessment of the candidate is still needed however but potentially it saves on advertising cost. The current employees who is already working for the firm recommends someone they know. This takes place at all levels of business. A director may recommend that a friend should be appointed to the board of directors. In such kind of recruitment diversity of the organisation effected because the candidate reffered through word of mouth is very similar to the employee who reffered him/her, which can be a negative impact on the culture of the organisation. In most of the cases the first major contact between a candidate and an employer is CV or application form. But some organisations use an alternative in the shape of telephone hotline. The organisations publicise their contact numbers for the candidates to discuss the vacancies availability and requirements. This method is normally used for quick response. According to the McKenna Beech (2002), the use of Internet is as a means of recruitment has been mounting now a day. Applicants all over the world use internet to gain the information about the companies, their vacancies and processes of application. This method provide candidates a system of self screening through which they can find out that whether they are suitable for the required position. For instance, Cisco System and Dell are the big examples of recruiting employees exclusively on internet. Some other recruitment methods are television, radio, cinemas, government training schemes, waiting lists, trade union referral suppliers etc Pros: There is a larger pool of skilled people from which the organisation chooses the best suitable for their vacancy. The new employees bring in new ideas for the development of an organisation. Sometimes the new employee has a wider range of experience which is quite worthwhile for any organisation. Cons: Sometimes few methods are ruled out in external recruitment because of the time constraint. The methods of recruitment in such a haste are very few i.e. employment agencies, job centres, personal contacts and local newspaper advertisement. And because of less time to spend on the process, probably the method chosen by the recruiters is not the best suited for the post. Another main issue in external recruitment is the huge volume of applications received by recruiters and the ability to deal with applications screening them effectively e.g. advertisement in newspaper for senior accounts manager or opening a new branch etc Selection methods Recruitment proceeds selection of the candidate. It is considered to be a very crucial stage in which candidates matched to the requirements of the job are selected. There are number of methods and techniques for doing this process i.e. face-to-face interviews, self-test questionnaires, biodata, assessment centres, selection tests etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ This is the stage where successful candidates get an offer of employment. It is often thought that the selection process is very simple in which wanted against offered is matched and then selecting the best fit for it. Overall, it all boils down to choosing the right candidate for the right position and at the right time. Organisations would not want it the other way around. Employee selection applying these high-tech solutions reduces the cost and time spent in recruiting and selecting qualified candidates. According to the Pilbeam Cobridge (2002), there are some different ways of employee selection used by organisations i.e. interview, psychometric testing, work sampling, assessment centres, biodata, graphology and online questionnaire. There is the explanation of some of the selection methods use by the organisations. Interviews The most popular selection technique is the interview either by face-to-face or in front of the interview panel. According to Lewis (1985), although the validity of interview is considered very low but it is still popular for selection. Interview provides the basis of two way exchange of information which is very useful to determine that the candidate is an appropriate person for the organisation and its culture. Shackleton and Newell (1991), highlights the point that every organisation use a interview sample at least once in the selection process. There are mainly two types of interview, structured and unstructured. According to McDaniel et al. (1994), structured interviews are more valid for selection purpose than unstructured one. This can be useful for two way exchange of ideas and information. It helps to improve the quality of decision but (Heffcutt and Arthur, 1994) it is not improving the validity. In unstructured or triditional interviews candidates asked different type of q uestions from which interviewer gets information about applicant in an unsystematic manner and draw the conclusion in his mind whether or not offer the job to applicant. Which may lead the poor selection. There are some very common problems with unstructured interview explains below. The first and the foremost problem is the undue influence or bais behaviour of the interviewer. Interviewer sometimes given the positive or negative response to candidate from his CV/application form or on the basis of similar qualities, background, career, personality or attitude, in other way decision is just on the basis of personal likeness or dislikeness. Sometimes the interviewer is not a fully trained person for conduct an interview and lead to a wrong decision of selection of employee. Poor questioning is also a big problem of these interviews because interviewer ask questions designed for the initial impression of candidates and make a decision way to early about applicants. These problems play a big part while selection process. If the organisation not overcome these problems before the interview process then it lead towards discrimination with applicants or the wrong selection of an employee. Work-based Test When an organisation want to access the abilities and altitude of applicants competence, a work-based test can be used. In this test candidates have to come with the different and logical ideas as a solution of a problem presented infront of the. They required to undertake some typical tasks associated with the job, which shows the quality of their work and on these basis applicants are assessed. For example applicants could be given with the series of theoretical situations and want them to respond at the mean time. This is very similar to the situational interview. Another example is the individual performance of an applicant in a group work, where two or more applicants discuss a specific assignment and then their performance in the discussion is accessed. Work-based tests are very valuable because these tests provides the actual competence and ability of an applicant. In Pakistan, the useage of work-based test is quite low for selection of an employee but it is extensively used ( Lockyer, 1996) in United Kingdom. Biodata When candidates apply for the job, normally they fill an application form or submit a CV or both. From these application forms and CVs managers find a key biographical information about the candidates i.e. age, education, interests, personal history and employment history. In selection particular things of a candidates biographical profile receives higher score then others because these features are most appropriate and required ones for the vacancy. Shackleton and Newell (1991), indicate that only 20% of the organisations used biodata as a selection tool to some extent and only 4% for all vacancies, which is increasing now a day but still very hard (Wilkinson, 1997) to find any evidence of a broader spread of biodata. Sometimes employers have difficulty in choosing the right person for the vacant post in their organisation. Employee selection promises to be a difficult task especially if the current recruitment systems fall below industry standards and fail to meet the companys recr uitment objective. One specific aspect in employee selection is data inquiry. HR system users usually require a list of all the possible candidates for a position in ranking order. Ranking employee selection is achieved using software solutions that efficiently go through application data by matching candidate resumes and other pertinent application documents with the job requirement. An automated system generally ensures an accurate and fast result for various types of employee selection inquiry. According to the Brown and Campion (1994), there are some advantages and usefulness of biodata as a selection tool. It is very useful to screen the large number of applications in response of an advertisement. It is very systematic approach which helps to improve the selection decisions. If referances considered as a selection tool then it is very useful as it provides honesty and moral integrity of applicant which is vital consideration. The big disadvantage of biographical test is the la rge amount of time required for this exercise. Another potential draw back is biasism against certain groups or communities. Another draw back is of referances as a selection device because applicant nominates refrees and the choosen persons are very unlikely to provide any negative assesment. According to Hunter Hunter (1984), generally the strength and consistency of referances are pretty poor but still remains accepted in UK. Employment References This is the third of three selection techniques know as classic trio and the other two are interviews and application forms explained above. Normally organisations asked to shortlist candidates to provide them at least two referances which considered to be an important contribution to selection. This is one of the last tools used for selection of a candidate. Referances are taken for two major purposes, one is to provide confirmation that the information provided by applicant is right and the other is persons character referance. According to the IRS (2002a), approximately 70% of the referances are taken following the decision of selection has been made. Conclusions/summary This review of the literature highlights a range of issues and perspectives for the approach to recruitment and selection of employees which has implications for the Pakistani banking sector. There is not a specific perfect recruitment and selection process available for banks for resourcing of employees. It depends upon the size and culture of the bank that what kind of resourcing policy performs. There are several good ways identified for resourcing of employees. For example the best methods of recruitment in small banks is internal recruitment i.e. promotion of an employee and for big organisation it is it is external recruitment i.e print media, as it has less problems to deal with. And for Selection, interviews are the most common and widely tool used by banks. There are some important findings/issues highlighted from the above literature review. The specific areas through primary research are followings. Rational for the type of recruitment resourcing policies used. The role of stakeholders (HR managers line managers) in recruitment and selection. Identification of key issues experianced. The next chapter outlines and explains the research design adopted to investigate these implications from the perspectives of HR managers with responsibility for recruitment and selection.