Robin Hood Case Study free essay sample

Do situation anticipating Robin in regards to the issue of executing the sheriff. What occurs if Robin doesn't attempt? What occurs on the off chance that he attempts and succeeds? What occurs on the off chance that he attempts and falls flat? The sheriff is developing more grounded and turning out to be better composed step by step. The sheriff’s cash and men are developing in numbers likewise which implies on the off chance that Robin doesn't make a move soon, at that point the sheriff will get his human hit to the battle that he needs. In the event that Robin doesn't attempt to slaughter the sheriff, at that point nothing changes and the sheriff will never stop until he brings Robin and the Merrymen down. The issue with attempting to slaughter the sheriff is that it would be extremely hard now when he is so solid however it isn't unthinkable. On the off chance that Robin attempts to bring down the sheriff and succeeds it would most unquestionably fulfill his hunger for retribution, yet it would not improve the circumstance. We will compose a custom article test on Robin Hood Case Study or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Somebody would simply assume the sheriffs position that has a similar vision or simply do what is recounted by Prince John. In the event that Robin attempts to murder the sheriff and comes up short, at that point Robin would no doubt be executed and the sheriff would at last â€Å"win†. The Merrymen would be pioneer less so they would either disintegrate and everything would return to the manner in which it was previously or they could revolt. The Merrymen could be so disturbed about the demise of Robin that they could rebel against the sheriff and Prince John and reclaim arrange and reestablish the seat to King Richard. 2. Figure a possible new technique for Robin’s association. Robin and the Merrymen are developing quickly and rather than a little band of men they currently have a significant settlement of men. The issue with this is control and carefulness is down and needs to brought back up. So I recommend that Robin arranges with Little John and Millers child to bring these things up and to make the gathering into a very much restrained and prepared association. When this is cultivated as opposed to joining the scheme to free King Richard simply go straight after the source (Prince John). I can't help thinking that Robin and the Merrymen are up to speed with bringing down the sheriff when in actuality regardless of whether they succeed and bring down the sheriff somebody will simply have his spot and nothing will be cultivated. So I recommend retraining his band of siblings and afterward following Prince John and cutting him down. When he is cut down then they could reestablish the seat to Kind Richard and he will deal with the sheriff and reestablish request to Nottingham.

Interview-Family Influence Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Meeting Family Influence - Assignment Example The family needed to move here and there like clockwork and this requested them to be flexible and effectively conform to their condition just as the individuals around them. Experiencing childhood in a military family, John Doe was presented to a great deal of companions wherein a large portion of them likewise have a place with military families. He had White and Black American just as Asian companions and others from social gatherings, as well. â€Å"I was raised without bias to anyone† (Doe, 2013), the youngster said cheerily and grinned. He included that his folks never debilitated him to play with other youngsters from an alternate race. Notwithstanding, when he was tormented or in the event that he met inconvenience creators, his folks proposed for him to simply avoid them. Doe’s guardians communicated these data verbally to him and his kin right off the bat maybe in light of the fact that they realize they were relied upon to meet various types of individuals. I n addition, as any parent does, the Doe couple likewise cautioned the kids not to talk with outsiders for their wellbeing. Clarifying was the essential way the guardians used to advise their kids about the realities regarding life. Despite the fact that the Doe kids were instructed not to have any preference to anybody, they were additionally educated to be cautious with the individuals they don't have the foggiest idea. As specialists frequently state, kids are progressively open in gaining from what guardians show more than what they state. In Doe’s case, his parents’ lessons were to be sure strengthened by what he saw them do. At whatever point there were events to praise, the family regularly welcomed guests from different ethnic gatherings. Now and again, straightforward meals with different groups of various societies were arranged so as to oblige new companions and realize them better. The youngsters were likewise urged to play together and this upgraded their s ocialization aptitudes. The best impacts of this in Doe’s life are maybe his flexibility in receiving to new condition and individuals just as great socialization abilities. At the point when sent to an open secondary school, Doe became familiar with different races and he came to see further what partiality and bigotry are. Nonetheless, because of his solid impact from his folks, he kept up his regard toward different races. He never clandestinely or plainly felt preference toward any race notwithstanding the new data he was absorbing on the grounds that he never saw anybody from his family represent so. The family never examined about bigotry, women's liberation or homosexuality on the grounds that maybe the guardians needed the youngsters to have high resistance toward different races and sexualities. In spite of the fact that correspondence is by all accounts open in the family with regards to a ton of issues, there were additionally things that appeared to be uncomfortab le for the family to talk about and this was obvious in Doe’s saying, â€Å"†¦but my mother discovered a few things difficult to examine where my father it was his direction and that was that† (Doe, 2013). The man’s refusal to additionally remark on the issue was regarded. Doe concedes that his family basically impacted how he sees others of various races or sex tendencies. He says he couldn't care less a lot if an individual is Black or Asian, gay or straight. Be that as it may, he has this interpretation of each youngster; that they all have the right to have guardians of both genders. He further says that kids get the â€Å"bad rap because of the race they are† and along these lines, youngsters who have one of a kind guardians, which means two females or two guys, get a similar treatment. In spite of the fact that Doe doesn't perpetrate such sort of harassing toward others, he guarantees

College

College One year ago, in the mush of schoolless boredom known as Spring Break of junior year, I got into MIT. “Got into” is here used idiomatically in the superficial sense, bearing no deeper significance than that I could take a plane to 77 Massachusetts Avenue in August and call myself a student if I wanted to. (I am, of course, blatantly ignoring the huge mass of angst and pain known as Paying Tuition). My situation was thus: One year of high school stood between myself and a diploma. I wasnt accepted to any other colleges, probably because I hadnt applied to any other colleges. After about 5 picoseconds of staring at my acceptance letter from MIT, I became exceedingly convinced that graduating high school was just a formality, a trivial remnant of the antiquated American Dream that dominated social aspirations in the postwar decades of the previous century*. Plus, “high-school dropout” had a nice ring to it (and I would get loads of street cred too!). *By the way, I copied and pasted part of this sentence out of a book report that I wrote about Death of a Salesman in 10th grade. So I decided to cross “Finish high school” off my to-do list. Before taking a second look at the campus, before getting my financial aid package, before understanding the course requirements, before learning that the elevators in the Stata Center are only semi-functional, before hearing of Random Hall, even before talking to Donald Guy 12 (who, in all likelihood, helped convinced about 15% of our class to matriculate by various means of the Internet), I accepted my offer of admission. You already know the rest of this story, and some of you who are reading this will live it for yourselves in the next six months. I can hardly wait. The punchline is that to call myself gratuitously lucky would be understating the absurdity of my uninformed, mostly blind, yet tremendously unregrettable decision. Every day, I wake up. To be more specific, every day I wake up and marvel at the sheer impossibility that I picked the right college without seriously looking at more than one college. Then I go back to sleep, because I probably went to bed at 3 AM the night before and cant believe that I just wasted 30 seconds thinking about how great my life was when I could have been sleeping. The truth is that MIT isnt right for everyone. Some people wish they had picked the state school that offered them a full ride, a free car, and the right to name a state park after themselves. Some people wish they had picked Harvard. The latter usually soon regain their ability to make reasonable judgments, however. So, whether or not youre considering MIT (if not, you might be on the wrong website), heres my advice: Look both ways before you cross the street from high school into The Vast Unknown. Forget the brand-name universities and try to imagine where youll be happiest. Talk to actual students. Probe their insights of their learning environment. Ask them to share with you the aspects of college life that matter most to them (you might get a surprise). Ask them about their most shocking self-discoveries, their failures, their moments of unbearable misery and unforgettable joy. Ask yourself whether you want to live through the same experiences. Ill start: This past semester, Ive finally started to understand MIT as an institute built on cooperative, immersive learning. Meaning that the curriculum is structured around a level of difficulty that requires you to reach out and work with your classmates, to stay up until the early hours of the morning discussing problem sets, correcting each other, plowing yourselves into deeper, subtler levels of comprehension that you certainly didnt see during lecture. The end effect is that the line between your classes and life beyond classes becomes progressively blurrier until youre instinctively radiating and absorbing information from those around you during all waking hours. This is unbelievably uplifting to your ability to make interesting dinner conversation at family gatherings. Snapshot: Last night, on the inaugural evening of Spring Break, I forgot to come home after lab. I walked upstairs to Lulus office hours, arbitrarily, because I remembered That One Blog Post where she wrote about how nobody went to her office hours and how she sat around and ate a sandwich instead. We worked through half a problem, maybe, and spent a nebulously indefinite haze of time sitting there, in an empty office, in a deserted hallway, right above MITs famously (un)Infinite Corridor, chatting loosely about physics. Lately, Ive been realizing that trying to grasp threads of understanding from the fabric of the universe is like pretending to be a salmon. You swim upstream, bluntly against the direction in which the water (the physical metaphor for your intuition) pushes you, but you struggle harder than the actual salmon because you have no instinctive knowledge of how to subvert the current. You are disoriented, weightless and uprooted, despite the fact that you have read books and articles by talented salmon like Stephen Hawking and Alan Guth. Anyway, it was 9 pm after a while. Weird how that happens. On a tangential note, I recently discovered with much confusion and psychological turmoil that I prefer college-ruled paper to wide-ruled. Walking into Walgreens on an innocent sunny afternoon and feeling compulsively drawn toward what I previously considered a waste of trees, I was overcome with self-denial and forced myself to pick up a stack of wide-ruled instead. Halfway to the cash register, I couldnt bear it any longer and threw the wide-ruled paper into the candy aisle with much angst and internal dissonance. Mournfully, I lost the identity that I built for myself on the day in 4th grade when I decided that college ruled paper was for uncool kids who didnt own any good Pokemon cards. Perhaps its a good thing. Edward 12 recently borrowed my EM lecture notes, freshly scripted on college-ruled paper, and told me that they were neat. This has never happened to me before in real life. It may have happened once during a particularly boring dream, but I cant remember. Anyway, the Blog Police are telling me that I should quit trying to become a guest speaker on Oprah and post a picture already. Lobby 10 at noon, birds-eye view from the 2nd floor. If you show up early to lecture in room 10-250, you can lean against the railing and think about how this is one of the few spots along the Infinite Corridor where your cell phone gets a signal. (T-Mobile users, Im writing this for you.) Theres something distinctly fractal-like about the architecture of Lobby 10. Douglas Hofstadter, if youre reading this blog, I give you full rights to use this picture in your next book. I call this one “Vertigo,” or “Experimental Byproducts of Camera Rotation.” I encourage you to go forth and reevaluate your life now.

How Poets Describe Their Attitude to Place in Several...

How Poets Describe Their Attitude to Place in Several Works of Poetry Poets often write about the place they live in or come from. I am going to examine how poets how poets express their relationship to a particular place while considering their intentions, how thoughts and feelings are expressed, the use of language, connections between different poems and include my personal response. In Hotel Room, 12th Floor Norman McCaig is writing about America. We know that he is more precisely writing about New York because he mentions the Empire State Building and the Pan Am skyscraper. We know his place is America because he uses the word sidewalks which is essentially an American terminology†¦show more content†¦These lines state his feeling that no matter how civilised a place may seem or how technologically advanced it may be, there is no way that the primitive urges can be covered over and stopped. McCaig contrasts the sophisticated modern technology of the city with the Wild West. The Wild West dominates over the technology of the city and the technology of the city is being used as a cover for uncivilised ways. McCaig uses time structure of day and night as contrasts and metaphorically personifies midnight in the phrase but now midnight has come in because midnight doesnt literally come in as such. The fact that the second stanza begins with But midnight is not so easily defeated indicates that despite the technology making places civilised, there is still a native and primitive, uncivilised midnight in us all. The phrases warwhoops continually ululating, broken bones, blood glazed on sidewalks and harsh screaming emphasises the brutality of the frontier. The statement not so easily defeated exaggerates the sense that this native reaction is always with us and could be unleashed at any time. Even though the poem Brooklyn Cop by McCaig is essentially about a person rather than a place, it shares the same idea as Hotel Room, 12th Floor. The cop himself seems so civilised at home, but when he is working andShow MoreRelatedSignificance of travel in Bashos Narrow Road Through the Backcountry1431 Words   |  6 PagesJapans natural beauties on his journey for poetic enlightenment and motivation. This work is the story of the journey that BashÃ…  began near the end of his life in order to attain inspiration for writing poetry, specifically in haiku-type forms. BashÃ… s chosen path mirrored that of SaigyÃ… , a well respected monk and poet, which ran through the locations of residence and inspiration of various other notable Japanese poets and writers. The travel tale has long been held in high public regard and is widelyRead MoreFlowered Memories: an Analysis of Ted Hughes Daffodils1319 Words   |  6 Pages‘Imagine what you are writing about. See it and live it. Ââ€"Ted Hughes, Poetry in the Making Edward James Hughes was English Poet Laureate from 1984 to his death in 1998. Famous for his violent poems about the innocent savagery of animals, Ted Hughes was born on Mytholmroyd, in the West Riding district of Yorkshire, which became the psychological terrain of his later poetry (The Literary Encyclopedia). He was married to the famous Sylvia Plath from 1956 up to her controversial suicide in 1956Read MoreSuperb Motivation. Literature Possesses The Capability1749 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluential poets of all time as he found a unique way of communicating through literature. Sometimes referred to as the â€Å"keeper of the language† or the â€Å"model poet of our time,† Eliot presented powerful criticisms of society, while brilliantly presenting his ideas through essays and poems (Poetry Foundation). Vastly impacting modern literature and the social view of poetry, T.S. Eliot instigated modernist views in literature and a new taste or method of communication through his own essays and poetry. ThroughoutRead MoreFrances E. W. Harper and James Whitfield1492 Words   |  6 PagesFrances E.W. Harper and James Whitfield are two of the most influential anti-slavery poets of all time. Both individuals use poetry as a form of resistance and as a way to express themselves during a time of great racial tension. Their poems reach out to many different audiences, shedding light on racial injustices that were present in America. Harper’s and Whitfield’s poetry, like many other works that were written during this time, help us to better comprehend the effects of slavery on AfricanRead MoreEssay on Representation of Nature and Emotions in Romanticism1561 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"liberalism in nature† The Romantic Movement was marked by several authors including William Wordsworth, Alphonse de Lamartine, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and John Keats. The following lines are going to introduce these authors by giving a brief background and detailed information about their works in accordance with romanticism characteristics. William Wordsworth, a major English romantic poet, born in 1770 and died in 1850. He writes his poetry as an analysis upon nature. Even though Wordsworth isRead More The Writings of John Donne1184 Words   |  5 Pagesradically and cynically altered from that which preceding generations of poets had handed down. nbsp; John Donnes view of love deviated greatly from the Medieval philosophy of courtly love, which had been expressed in poetry handed down from the sonnets of such poetic giants as Sidney and Petrarch. The general verse until then had focused greatly on the unrivalled importance of love in the context of the life of the poet (or his creations voice). Until then, love had consisted mostly ofRead MoreTang Poetry Developed in China603 Words   |  2 PagesThe genre of Tang poetry, developed during the Tang dynasty in China, can be split into several different styles, however they all share common themes. Tang poems evoke the mood, scene, and spirit of nature. Li Bo, known as one of the most famous Tang poets, added an extra aspect to Tang poetry by embodying Daoist ideals which gives his poem a free, flowing quality. Li Bo also departed from typical Tang poetry diction and rhyme, which had strict tone patterns, and preferred older poetic forms suchRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Present Day Humanity 1893 Words   |  8 PagesPoetry is very special sphere of human being’s occupation and existence. It is an art. Not everyone can create wonderful lines of rhymed enjoyment. At the same time only a few individuals manage to understand all shades of meaning presented in such kind of literary work. Basic knowledge of the world processes, developed imagination, and passionate heart will always serve as key elements for interpreting poetry. Representatives of the present-day humanity must realize the fact that each poem is aRead MoreFrances E.W. Harper and James Whitfields Influences on the Anti-Slavery Movement1081 Words   |  5 PagesFrances E.W. Harper and James Whitfield are two of the most influential anti-slavery poets of all time. Both individuals use poetry as a form of resistance and as a way to express themselves during a time of great racial tension. Their poems reach out to many different audiences, shedding light on racial injustices that were presen t in America. Harper’s and Whitfield’s poetry, like many other works that were written during this time, help us to better comprehend the effects of slavery on AfricanRead MoreResearch Paper : Aphra Behn1320 Words   |  6 PagesShe wrote many plays for the London stage, penned poetry, and wrote what some consider the first English novel (though others consider it a novella or a somewhat long short story). Much of her work decries the unequal treatment of women in her era, and she suffered the consequences of these claims by enduring harsh criticism and even arrest. Aphra Behn, one of the most influential dramatists of the late seventeenth century, was also a celebrated poet and novelist. Her contemporary reputation was founded

Literary Criticism Hills Like White Elephants - 1512 Words

Literary Criticism: Hills like White Elephants Author Information: Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899, the second of six children, and spent his early years in Oak Park, a suburb of Chicago. Both his mother and father were active members of the First Congregational Church and ran a strict household. All their children were required to abstain from any enjoyment on Sundays, for example, and were strictly punished for any disobedience. Hemingway later condemned them for their distinctly middle-class values and oppressive sense of morality. Summary: ï‚ · In the early 1920s, an American man and a girl, probably nineteen or twenty years old, are waiting at a Spanish railway station for the express train that will take them to Madrid. ï‚ · While indulging in some beers, they sit in the hot shade while discussing what the American man says will be a simple operation for the girl. ï‚ · The tension between the two is almost as sizzling as the heat of the Spanish sun. The man, while urging the girl to have the operation, says again and again that he really doesn t want her to do it, if she really doesn t want to. However, he clearly is insisting that she do so. ï‚ · The girl is trying to be brave and nonchalant but is clearly frightened of committing herself to having the operation. She repeats throughout the story— noting that the hills beyond the train station look like white elephants — hoping that the figure of speech will please theShow MoreRelatedThe Literary Pieces Of Ernest Hemingway, A Great American 20th Century Novelist852 Words   |  4 Pagesmore than what it appears. Metaphors envelop many writers’ literary pieces and can complicate more than what seems obvious to the readers whilst portraying different aspects for literary criticisms. Many authors utilize these poetic tactics to give different perspectives to their written works. Ernest Hemingway, a great American 20th century novelist produced many literature writings, and of his greatest creations Hills like White Elephants emerged in 1920. A short story consisting of what appearsRead MoreLiterary Pieces And Can Complicate More Than What Essay852 Words   |  4 Pagesmore than what it appears. Metaphors envelop many writers’ literary pieces and can complicate more than what seems obvious to the readers whilst portraying different aspects for literary criticisms. Many authors utilize these poetic tactics to give different perspectives to their written works. Ernest Hemmingway, a great American 20th century novelist produced many literature writings, and of his greatest creations Hills like White Elephants emerged in 1920. A short story consisting of what appearsRead More Symbolism in Hills Like White Elephants, by Ernest Hemingway1687 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent literary elements and terms are incorporated into the story by the author. Ernest Hemingway frequently uses various literary elements in his writing to entice the reader and enhance each piece that he writes. In Hills Like White Elephants, Hemingway uses symbols to teach the reader certain things that one may encounter during daily life. Symbolism may be defined as relating to, using, or proceeding by means of symbols (Princeton). The use of symbols in Hills Like White Elephants is utterlyRead MoreLife and Death1191 Words   |  5 Pagesserious decision whether they should give birth to the unborn child or abort it. However, sometimes every couple can have a different outlook about giving birth or aborting because every male and female has his or her ways of thinking. In â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† the author, Ernest Hemingway tells a story of an Ameri can man and his girlfriend, Jig, who have a disagreement in the train station on the subject of whether to keep the unborn child or to abort. However, the author uses binary oppositionRead More Hemingways Personal Life and its Influence on his Short Story, Hills Like White Elephants1409 Words   |  6 PagesHemingways Personal Life and its Influence on his Short Story Hills Like White Elephants Hills like White Elephants is not the normal story where you have a beginning, middle and end. Hemingway gave just enough information so that readers could draw their own conclusions. The entire story encompasses a conversation between two lovers and leaves the reader with more questions than answers. Ernest Hemingway was a brilliant writer. People that study Hemingways works try to gain insight andRead MoreHedonism in Hills Like White Elephants, by Ernest Hemingway Essay1588 Words   |  7 Pagesnature. The roaring twenties witnessed the uprising of a society that extolled such desire through the creation of a culture solely dedicated to consume. Ernest Hemingway analyses the behavioral patterns of such culture in his short story Hills Like White Elephants, where the concept of Hedonism- fathomed as an egotistical action whose only purpose is to bestow pleasure- and its consequences on the individual is explored. Through the characters dialogue in which they avoid a substantial con versationRead MoreHills Like White Elephants : A Critical Analysis1708 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†: A Critical Analysis Introduction: One of the many themes in his stories for which Ernest Heming way is known, includes feminism. At Hemingway’s time feminism was known as a famous movement and it affected many important writers like Octavia Butler and Virginia Woolf. Hemingway was a literary icon of his time and he was influenced by the political, social and human rights movements of his time. He was also touched by the hopelessness of women and how their thinkingRead More Reader-oriented Theories and Their Application to Ernest Hemingway’s Hills like white elephants2425 Words   |  10 PagesReader-oriented Theories and Their Application to Ernest Hemingway’s Hills like white elephants From the very beginning of the literature people tended to criticize the literary works according to some certain criteria. Some critics claimed that the text itself is important and some other said the author and his style is the thing that should be focused on. Form and content were the other significant elements in the history of the literary criticism. In addition, the social and political influences of theRead MoreAn Inspiration to Young Writers: Ernest Hemingway Essay1979 Words   |  8 PagesThe Trapeze. Contrary to his parent’s belief and hopes, Hemingway did not go to college; instead he took a job at the Kanas City Star as a reporter. Although he grew up in a very strict religious childhood, Hemingway decided to stay away from things like politics and religions (Lost Generation). He believed you had to keep away from these focuses as a writer. Hemingway was considered Catholic because he had to convert to marry his second wife Pauline. However, when he died he didnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t qualify for a traditionalRead MoreAnalysis Of Ernest Hemingway s Hills Like White Elephants And A Clean Well Lighted Place 2195 Words   |  9 Pageshas this uncanny, yet, clear and distinctive writing style, that has made him a successful author and a means of many criticisms. One critic in particular, David M. Wyatt, says that Hemingway has a way of making the beginning of his stories â€Å"raise the very specter of the end against which they are so concerned to defend.† (Wyatt). In his two short stories, â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† and â€Å"A Clean-Well Lighted Place, Hemingway draws out this uncanny effect in anticipating the sense of an ending. He

The Philosophy of the Human Person Free Essays

string(170) " the intrinsic relation of the dynamic structure of human knowing passes from the side of the subject \(intention intendeds\) to the side of object \(intention intent\)\." But the outcome of any philosophical inquiry is determined by its starting place† relates to the question of horizon, a limit of what can be seen from a definite perspective consisted of a subjective and objective fixed point of reference. Horizon is not a figure of speech but our framework to understand something and to make a decision. It is a framework of choices. We will write a custom essay sample on The Philosophy of the Human Person or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is our awareness of the choices among the philosophies in life. Choice connotes freedom. We are free to choose a philosophy that is best for us and apply it. If what we chose as a philosophy is inapplicable, then we choose another philosophy and change our perspective. As stated by Professor Florentine Horned, â€Å"Our horizon affects the choices we make about what life is. When one’s horizon is bigger, the choice is more difficult. † How do we know our horizon? It poses an inquiry, â€Å"Do we believe in anything? † And the answer depends on our choices of what to believe or not to believe. Ultimately, the question â€Å"Who am l? † will be answered in determining our horizon. William Shakespearean Hamlet line, â€Å"To be or not to be, that is the question† finds application in the starting point of one’s horizon. Likewise, we adopt Socrates’ statement â€Å"Know Thy Self† which is an examination of one’s life and purpose. For example, we examine if our purpose is to serve others, if it is, then our horizon is about selfless service. We are inclined to offer ourselves for humanitarian causes. We are engrossed in helping others in need and in distress. We are engaged in an active social work as a volunteer. Another example, an elementary grade pupil named Lily who dreams of becoming a lawyer like her father. The philosophical inquiry of Lily is â€Å"what is Justice? † The outcome of this inquiry is determined by her horizon. Obviously, Lily’s idea of â€Å"Justice† is narrow and limited. She, by reason of her tender age, can be influenced easily by his parents’ or schoolteachers’ definition of Justice. When she saw a neighbor being arrested and handcuffed by the policeman, she heard that her neighbor shot another and she immediately concluded that her neighbor is a criminal who deserves to be Jailed not knowing that there is a legal process for it known as a trial. She lauded the act of the swift arrest by the policemen on her neighbor who was not doing anything other than resting in his house. She says that there is Justice in the country because what she heard from her teacher, † A Justice delayed , is a Justice denied. In the case of her neighbor, there was no delay of Justice because of the abrupt arrest. When she became a high school student, her idea of Justice changes. Her horizon broaden because she watches TV programs and reads newspapers. When she became a law student, her horizon further broaden because she studying Justice in its legal sense. She now knew that the neighbor’s arrest was illegal because said neighbor was not in the act of committing a crime or has committed it. There was no warrant of arrest presented to her neighbor, a constitutional violation under Article Ill, Section 2, Philippine Constitution. She learned that her neighbor was a victim of injustice. So, she wanted to defend him or someone like him who is a victim of injustice. After passing the bar, Lily became a lawyer who was accepted as a public attorney, a paupers’ counsel who represent and defend them for free in court. Then, Lily came across a case similar to her neighbor. She defended him well contending the illegality of his arrest. When the decision was pronounced, she witnessed the crying ND anguish of the family members and relatives of the victim shot by her client. The court acquitted the man because of the able defense and trial skills of Lily. However, outside the courtroom, the man admitted the killing and thanked Lily for defending him to escape punishment even he is guilty. Because of this experience, Lily’s horizon expanded. She saw the injustice committed on the victim and the family members because of the acquittal of the man, she thought was innocent but actual a guilty one. When Lily was promoted as a public prosecutor, her experiences as a public attorney is carried to her new role, thereby, giving her evolved notion of what Justice is. And finally, when Lily became a Judge, she has a different view of the philosophical inquiry of â€Å"what is Justice? And its outcome is determined by its starting point, that is, the horizon of Lily as a Judge. Her horizon is not only looking at the east side of the sky as a public attorney or its west side as a public prosecutor but looking at the entire sky to answer the philosophical inquiry of â€Å"what is Justice? † Our basic drive is to know. Our human knowi ng is through our senses like seeing, hearing, smelling, touching and tasting. The rationality of knowing consists of inquiring, imagining, understanding, conceiving, formulating, reflecting, marshalling and weighing evidence. The enlightenment of knowing are Judging, deliberating, evaluating, deciding, speaking and writing. â€Å"The intrinsic objectivity of human cognitional activity is its intentionality’ can be restated to be the essential external reality of knowing is its purpose. Our goal of our knowing and perceiving is in its intention. We are living questionnaires by nature. When we experience things, we ask question like â€Å"Why it is so? † that leads to the formulation in definition, hypotheses ND theories. Accordingly, the intention is a dynamic structure of knowing. This intention is unrestricted and limitless because there is nothing that we cannot question. The same intention is comprehensive because our questioning probes every aspect of everything. As answers stands to questions, our cognitional activities stand to the intention of our being. Our answer is to a question because both have the same intention. Thus, the intrinsic relation of the dynamic structure of human knowing passes from the side of the subject (intention intendeds) to the side of object (intention intent). You read "The Philosophy of the Human Person" in category "Papers" For example, the question, what is this? Ends an information to our mind the words â€Å"this† and â€Å"is†. The â€Å"what† refers to â€Å"this†. This sending of an information did not settle any issue but it did raise an issue described by Bernard Lonelier, SO to be â€Å"neither knowledge nor ignorance of the essence and existence but it is the intention of both. † What the essence is and if the essence exists are questions not answers that unites the side of the subject (intention intendeds) to the side of object (intention intent) in our knowing and perceiving. To explicate this, let us take a case at a police station. There are three suspects for investigation by the police Homicide section. A man was killed by an unidentified assailant. The three suspects interposed the defense of denial and alibi. The first suspect said that he was at their province when the crime occurred. The other was attending a fiesta. The last suspect claimed to be at his brother’s house. The witness identified the three to be perpetrators of the crime. They were indicted by the public prosecutor. During the trial, the cross-examination by a prosecutor is a cognitional activity. The object of such is either to build up the theory of prosecution r to destroy the theory of defense. So, every question is loaded with a purpose. Otherwise, the truth will be elusive that will result to injustice to all the parties. â€Å"Why is this crime committed? † the prosecutor in knowing this passes from the side of the subject (intention intendeds) to the side of object (intention intent). This intention is unrestricted and limitless because there is nothing the prosecutor cannot question to the accused at the witness stand. From our viewpoint, we can no longer think of life as a mere and pure spontaneity. We can no longer think of reflection as our life’s antagonist. It is essential to adopt that reflections are part of our life. â€Å"Reflection is one of the life’s ways of rising from one level of being to another. † Reflection is a process of recalling or re-examining our past experiences in order to understand them. It is either a primary reflection or secondary reflection. The primary reflection examines its object by abstraction, by analytically breaking it down into its constituent parts. It is concern with definitions, essences and technical solutions to problems. It answers the question â€Å"What am l? † while the secondary reflection is synthetic that unites than vides and answers the question â€Å"Who am l†. As stated by Professor Florentine Horned, â€Å"The primary reflection is a pragmatic solver of problem like posing a question, if you do not know how to make a living, how can you feed the hungry? There must be a solution too problem. † The balancing of primary reflection (â€Å"What am R†) and secondary reflection (â€Å"Who am I†) is the existential fulcrum. To reflect is to ask oneself something that occurred and to go back in time and recall the moment. We exercise it on things that are worth reflecting about. We reflect on our experiences. The richer is our experience, the more is our reflection. When we experience obstacles and adversities, our reflection occur being checked by a certain break in the continuity of experience that it becomes necessary to pass from one level to another. In passing from lower level to higher level, we recover from the higher level the unity that was lost on the lower level. For example, when a judgment was rendered at a Regional Trial Court, there was a reflection made by the Presiding Judge on the evidence presented by the prosecution and defense and their respective arguments. When the Judgment was appealed, the decision was reviewed y Court of Appeal Justices. There is another reflection on the case to arrive at a judgment whether to affirm or reverse it. When the Judgment is reversed, the reflection is raised up from one level, the reflection of a Judge in the Regional Trial Court, to another level, may be a higher one, the reflection of a Justice in the Court of Appeals. When the Judgment of the Court of Appeals is brought up to the Supreme Court, the Judgment rendered by the latter is a reflection that is raised to the highest level, which everyone, must respect and abide for our Supreme Court is a final arbiter of a case. There may be a fresh set of Jurisprudence created out of this reflection. â€Å"Each symbol gives rise to comprehension by means of interpretation. † Signs are expressions that carry out meaning revealed through the intention of the signifying that is conveyed by words. Not every sign is a symbol. A symbol suggests â€Å"something†. All symbols are full of meaning. Different people interpret symbols differently. Every symbol is subject to different interpretation. Hence, a symbol can have different meanings. How can the symbol be a starting point for thought without leading back to the same old interpretations? The answer lies in the relationship between symbols and hermeneutics. This interpretation is both in the symbol and beyond. There are three (3) stages of this interpretation which are: (1) phenomenology which is the comprehension of the symbol by the symbol or by a symbol as a whole. Professor Florentine Horned said, â€Å"The things should be interpreted by going back to the things themselves. The realities should be studied not contemplated. The whole should give meaning to the parts while the parts should give meaning to the whole. † His example is the image of the Mama Mary, the mother of Jesus Christ. She symbolizes purity, spotless or cleanliness, thus the description â€Å"Immaculate† Mary from a root word â€Å"Macaulay† meaning a spot or stain. Her description is attributed by the story in our Bible that she conceived Jesus Christ, the son of God, without having engaged in a sexual intercourse, which the act itself is viewed to be dirty or unclean. Another example our Professor Florentine Horned discussed is the word â€Å"extrapolation. † â€Å"Ex†, meaning out, Nina† meaning way which is the truth. For him, â€Å"there is a road and there is an outside to the road. Our world has the inside and outside. It has a right side and wrong side. Sometimes, we get lost due to equal value of things. We do not know what philosophical side to take even though philosophy is simple. We complicate it. † ; (2) the hermeneutics which is the interpretation applied in each case to an individual text. This is a start of intelligent deciphering symbolized by a knot, interpreted as a circle expressed in a statement, muff must comprehend in order to believe but you must believe in order to comprehend†; and (3) the thought starting from symbols which is finding a philosophy hidden under symbols and the task of philosophy is to promote and shape the meaning in a creative interpretation. To illustrate, the symbol off Justice is a blindfolded lady carrying a scale. This is interpreted by another symbol of a balance or weighing scale known as phenomenology. When the lady blindfold is removed or the scale carried is heavier at one side than the other, this is an interpretation of injustice, this is known as hermeneutics. There is a message behind the symbol to be deciphered intelligently. When the symbol of lady Justice is changed, thereby promoting and shaping the meaning in a creative interpretation, this is what Paul Recover’s referred to as the â€Å"thought starting from symbols. What new symbol can represent Justice in our modern times? The thoughts from the symbol of Justice creates a new philosophy giving us new comprehension as to what justice is that is responsive to our times. We interpret, we comprehend. New symbols are born with this comprehension. Our union of encounter is based on experience. It is a mystery that takes place on the higher level of our human existence. In many cases, we have no physical contact or material contact in our encounter with others but the result of union is deeper than anything. Deeper than what our bodily contact can produce. Thus, â€Å"We have the existential presence which is a common spiritual bond in virtue of which each is present in the other and participates in the being of another. This existential presence differs from spatial proximity or nearness which is indicated in our daily life as â€Å"presence†. An example is a congregation of lawyers attending in a convention. They are proximate to each other but they are not existentially present to one another unless there is an introspective communion between them. This communion is exemplified by the talking and debating of these congregation of racers in the convention who get the chance to know each other, thus, starting to recognize each other’s presence. The nature of this existential presence cannot be forcibly realized in opposition to spatial proximity. In our example, the congregation of lawyers made their proximity to each other possible even with them objecting to it because there is a rule to follow for them to be proximate to each other like they have their respective seat assignment. This cannot be in existence presence. The lawyers who are seatmates during the convention can choose not to talk to each other. They can choose to completely ignore each other from start to the end of the convention. One lawyer cannot be forced to be present to others without his liking much more when he is opposed to the existence of the said presence. For existential presence is not subject to a rule unlike spatial proximity. Engineers Van Greengrocer elucidates this with his example, â€Å"l am able to stay near someone against his will and I may compel someone else to remain with me. But the communion can be obtained only through the free mutual engagement of the persons involved. I may appeal to the there to be existentially present with me, but if he refuses, I cannot force him. The very imposition of my will would emphasize the separation between our personal being and destroy even the possibility of an encounter. Similarly, I may offer myself to be authentically with the other but if he does not freely open himself, my insistence is in vain. Existential presence, therefore, cannot be forced. All I can do is open myself to it and welcome it when it is realized. † As the old saying goes, Mimi can lead the horse to the river, and you can even try to bring the water to the horse, but you cannot force it to drink the water. † How to cite The Philosophy of the Human Person, Papers

Internal Pricing Performance

Question: Write an essay on Internal Pricing and Performance? Answer: The global aviation industry has witnessed so many remarkable milestones in the last decade. Various players tried their hand in the industry but two of them have gained much importance and went on to dominate the global market. These two are Boeing (which is an American company) and Airbus (the aircraft manufacturing division of the Airbus Group, situated in France). Boeing was the market leader for a very long period until 2002, when Airbus took over them for the first time. However, both of them have created a duopoly situation in the market. A series of mergers globally by both the companies has made these two companies the market leaders and arch rivals. As a result of the mergers various competitors such as the Lockheed Martin, Convair and Fairchild Aircreaft of the US and a few companies from Europe were completely eliminated from the competition and the market. History of competition between Boeing and Airbus William E. Boeing was the founder of the Boeing Airplane Company which mainly manufactured sport and military airplanes. It grew and touched heights during World War II. Its most striking and successful product was the B-29 bomber which helped the company gain supremacy in the industry. Airbus was founded in the 1970s. Its first leap of success was the manufacture of A320, which was much more economical than its competitor the Boeing 737. During the years, Airbus revolutionized its model which offered much more ease and economical advantages to the company. Ultimately the introduction of the A380 gave them the position of the market leader. Current position of the competition The rivalry between Airbus and Boeing has being going on for a long period of time. But the recent years has witnessed it to be intensified to a great extent. Presently, there is a neck to neck competition between the two companies. Airbus is the leader in narrow body aircraft category while Boeing leads in the wide body category. But aircrafts such as the A330/340 has been very much effective in the wide body market. As stated earlier, both these major corporations have created a nature of duopoly in the aircraft manufacturing market. The different modes of competition can be evaluated on the following points which reflect a true picture of the nature of competition between the two: Currency: Boeing being based in the US deals with UD dollars as compared to Airbus which being a European company uses Euro. Due to fluctuations in the UD dollar value, the cost of production of a Boeing aircraft increases with a decrease in the value of US dollar. Airbus on the other hand has an upper hand in this case and has priced its products in various markets in various currencies. Outsourcing: As a common practice, procurement of aircrafts by different countries is mainly a political decision which is taken according to the political criteria of the concerned country. Both Airbus and Boeing tend to exploit this situation by subcontracting the manufacturing of component parts to companies of the buying countries. This gives them a competitive edge. Thus, both the companies are in a constant vigil to exploit the market conditions of the buying country. Technology: Airbus introduced the extensive use of composite material in its model A330 which was a break through point for the company. Further it automated the flight engineers functions which revolutionized the aircraft industry. Both the companies compete with each other on technological advancements. Presently their main focus is on weight reduction and fuel efficiency of their products. Engine Choices: The choice of engine in an aircraft has a considerable amount of influence on the competition scenario. Both Airbus and Boeing direct their constant efforts to procure a single source engine which is most advanced in the market. General Electric, Rolls-Royce and Pratt Whitney are the leading manufacturers and suppliers of aircraft engines in the market. All the above factors determine the nature of the competition prevailing in the market. But there are new players in the market too, which are giving a tough competition to the leaders. The market share of the global aircraft manufacturing can be represented by the following charts: The above figure represents the global market share of aircraft manufacturers. Market Situation as on 2014 The recent trends in the manufacturing show that there is an approximate increase of 8.7% in the narrow body segment of Airbus. On the other hand the numbers for Boeing increased by 10% but was set off against a decline in the manufacture of 737s by a steep percentage of 6.4%. in the wide body segment Boeings increase in the 777 fleet is about 8.5% which gave them the dominant position in the market. The new entrants are flourishing gradually. One of the notable one is the Brazilian Embraer. Embraer is developing at a constant rate year after year at an approximate rate of 8.2%. Embraers E-Jet series crossed the 1000 mark in the year 2014. Another rival in the field is Bombardier. It had a hike of 7.5% in its CRJ series which was unfortunately set off by a decline of 11% in its 50 seat products. Another regional player is the ATR which enjoyed a growth of 14.6% in its fleet strength. Other companies such as the Beechcraft 1900 and the de Havilland Canada Twin Otter tried tough to maintain their position in the top list. The position of the Russian manufacturers continued to decline. Thus, it is clear that the market is hugely dominated by Airbus and Boeing. The following figure shows the overall global ranking of the aircraft manufacturers. The status of deliveries of Boeing (Boeing.com, 2015) and Airbus (airbus, 2015) can be represented by the following figure: Both Airbus and Boeing are in a constant race to gain market share and occupy a dominant position. This has a severe effect on the market price of their products. Their prices vary with the quantum of demand. Further, often there is a huge difference between the listed price and the market price of the products. Though recently, the price of Airbus products have increased a little, but both the companies offer huge discounts to the buyers and the lessee in order to boost their sales. They tend to focus on short term goals. Thus, the price game plays an important role in determining the market situation (airbus, 2015). An approximate appropriation of total costs involved in the manufacture of an airplane can be illustrated by the following figure: As discussed earlier, the nature of competition exerts immense influence on the pricing of an airplane. In the above case, the main competition is between Airbus and Boeing. Duopolies always tend to reduce the market price. Both the companies constantly review their pricing policies to boost their sales and capture the market. Globalization of the market gave rise to opportunities for competition to grow which in turn diminished the prices of aircrafts even if there is an increase in the overall cost of production. In such a condition it is impossible for an aircraft manufacturer to charge a high price. Both the companies are constantly re-engineering the pricing policies to gain a competitive advantage over the other. Cost advantages enable them to offer a product at a cheaper rate than the competition. The table below will illustrate factors determining costs of aircrafts (Doganis 2010) Air-travel has increased many folds. This is due to the fact that the airline companies are in a constant vigil to offer more and more facilities to the customers. The target group has also expanded as they are able to avail these services at a much lower cost nowadays. Airline companies have started new routes at lower prices. This is the most influencing factor for new passengers to go for air travel. This opening up of the market has resulted in the increase in demand for commercial aircrafts. The factors influencing the demand for commercial aircrafts can be roughly summed up as follows: Increased volume of passengers: an increase in the air traffic has made the airliners to start new routes to various destinations. This has in turn increase in the demand of the commercial aircrafts. Constant efforts of airlines to gain market dominance: tough competition the dynamic market scenario has increased competition. This has led for the airliners to provide better and unique services to its customers. Technological advancements in the aviation industry: airplanes tend to become obsolete and there is a constant demand for newer and better aircrafts which are technologically advanced. Increase in business relations among different nations beyond geographical boundaries: globalization of the world economy and liberalization of the international regulations has encouraged the aircraft industry to explore new destinations. This is an important factor which has increased the demand for commercial aircrafts. Economic factors: business growth has prompted the airline industry to gain economies of scale by increasing their operations. Increased business operations gave rise to the demand. Economies of Cost: increased operations have resulted in an increase in sales. Increased sales tend to bring down the cost of production which helps the companies to employ the excess funds in the acquisition of additional capital assets. Thus, the induction of low cost carriers and various other factors have brought a boom in the aviation industry. Aircraft manufacturers forecast this demand to grow in the future at a constant rate. As a result, manufacturing is being undertaken at a large scale to cope up with the demand. Though the aviation manufacturing industry is dominated by Airbus and Boeing, new entrants to the industry are also giving a tough competition to the market leaders (Boeing delivers first 787 Dreamliner, 2011). Bombardier, Embraer and Chinas Comac are the most notable ones. Among these three new entrants Canadas Bombardier (Bombardier CSeries aircraft takes shape, 2011) is the most promising with its C series, CRJ series and Q series of commercial aircrafts and is all set to give a tough competition to Airbus and Boeing (Global commercial aviation industry looks to MEA for effective and environment-friendly aircraft, 2009). The company forecast of their demands can be compares as follows: Airbus Boeing Bombardier 32,600 by 2034 36,770 by 2033 15,000 by 2034 Airbus forecasts the global oil price to be low which will increase the passenger traffic. It assumes the demand will be for approximately 31,800 passenger and 800 freight aircrafts. Apart from that 13,100 passenger aircrafts will be required to be replaced. It assumes that the demand for single-aisle will be 70% while wide bodies will represent 55% of the total value. Boeing forecasts the GDP growth at 3.2% which will increase the passenger traffic to 5% annually. Its forecast of 36,770 aircrafts will worth $5.2 trillion. Among this 42% of planes will replace the existing ones, and the remaining will serve the purpose of increasing fleet strength. Single aisle requirement will be of 25, 680 aircrafts and wide body fleet will comprise of 8,600 new aircrafts. Bombardier expects the fleet strength of 60-150 seats to be 6,900 by 2034 and that of 100-150 seats to be 8,100 aircrafts. It also estimates that the revenue of 60-150 seat aircrafts to be $48 billion (Bombardier.com, 2015). In such a situation, where the industry is dominated by two major players, new entrants have to price their products carefully. As the leaders already have the capacity to eliminate them from the competition, new players must attract the customers with much economic prices along with impeccable after sales services. Usage of improved technology and faster disposal of customer grievances will also boost the image of the new entrants. There are generally four elements of a marketing matrix. These are known as the four Ps pf marketing which constitute the marketing mix. The four Ps are as follows: Product: the product decisions are the first and the foremost decisions which are to be taken by a company. In the aviation industry aircrafts are the products. Product decisions will contain determining the nature of the aircraft according to the present demand and requirement of the industry. It should be technologically advances to cater to the needs of the customers. Aircrafts are segmented as narrow body, wide body, single aisle, etc. the needs and demands of various segments are to be fulfilled by the manufacturer. Price: the second element is the pricing of the aircraft. Various pricing policies are adopted by the manufacturer according to the market situation. The pricing has to be such that there is a constant and increasing demand for the product. This will generate revenues and ensure long term sustainability of the company. Place: place means the place where the product is to be introduced. It basically comprises the target customers and market. An ideal place is a market here the manufactured product is most appropriate. Promotion: promotional strategies and policies have to be drawn to promote the product in the target market to sell the product. Promotional plans are to be drawn carefully and executed keeping in mind the market sensitivity. Thus, in the aviation industry, there has to be a constant effort for research and development of the product. As technological developments render one product to be obsolete, it is very important to keep pace in the development process. Next comes the pricing decisions. There exists a duopoly in the market with the two greatest manufacturers competing to outgrow each other. Thus, pricing has to be competition sensitive. The one, who offers a technologically advanced aircraft at a cheaper price, will obviously gain market dominance. Thus, there has to be a constant effort to bring down the cost of production. The next element is the place or the target market. With globalization and opening up of the economy, the whole world has become a playground for the business concerns. Both the companies are in a constant effort to tap into new markets and increase their market share. The last element is the promotional strategy. The main promotional strategy used by both the companies is the offering of huge discounts to the buyers. As mentioned earlier, the buying decision is mostly political and the companies offer various discounts to the sellers in order to boost their sales figures. Thus, the whole marketing mix should be carefully designed (Gent, 2014). The following figure depicts the market reach of Airbus and Boeing. The projected financial performance of Airbus, Boeing and Bombardier, based on their projected sales figures are as follows: Airbus Projected Financial Performance (refer to Appendix 1) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Revenues 63599 66980 71233 84472 99110 102200 Gross Margin 11178 12450 12033 21172 32330 31279 Profit before tax and finance costs 6073 6633 5303 13643 23761 21490 Total Finance Costs 853 1338 1889 2875 4147 5439 Income Taxes 1088 1856 2688 3766 5117 6254 Profit 4132 3439 726 7002 14497 9797 Boeing Projected Financial Performance (refer to Appendix 2) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Revenues 61250 65880 71224 78678 84887 98326 Gross Margin 9268 12652 12986 13948 17133 22436 Profit before tax and finance costs 6094 9191 8884 9306 10852 15492 Total Finance Costs 631 1129 1482 2451 3304 4616 Income Taxes 1587 1866 2788 3866 4837 6434 Profit 3876 6196 4614 2989 2711 4442 Bombardier Projected Financial Performance (refer to Appendix 3) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Revenues 14759 17365 20536 26666 32558 35568 Gross Margin 5823 6978 7660 11341 12860 14268 Profit before tax and finance costs 3537 3988 3941 6602 6162 6559 Total Finance Costs 408 819 1223 1646 2074 2825 Income Taxes 1022 1158 1355 1765 2537 3234 Profit 2107 2011 1363 3191 1551 500 The following figure illustrates the total production rates of Airbus and Boeing by 2020: It is evident from the above figures that though Bombardier is projecting the lowest figure in sales over the next two decades, its revenue projection is the highest among the three. It has a cutting edge advantage of the most advanced aircraft in the form of the C series, which is anticipated to fetch maximum market share for them in the near future. On the other hand, an increase in the demand of wide body aircrafts will increase the sales volume of Boeing aircrafts. Single aisle aircrafts are meant to do the trick for Airbus it projects a 70% increase in that segment. Thus, the projected financial gains of these companies show a healthy growth of the aviation industry (Iata.org, 2015). References Airbus, (2015).Global Market Forecast 2015-2034| Airbus, a leading aircraft manufacturer. [online] Available at: https://www.airbus.com/company/market/forecast/ [Accessed 28 Jun. 2015]. Boeing delivers first 787 Dreamliner. (2011).Reinforced Plastics, 55(6), p.4. Boeing.com, (2015).Boeing: Commercial. [online] Available at: https://www.boeing.com/commercial/ [Accessed 28 Jun. 2015]. Bombardier CSeries aircraft takes shape. (2011).Reinforced Plastics, 55(4), p.14. Bombardier.com, (2015).Commercial Aircraft - C series, CRJ Series and Q Series - Bombardier. [online] Available at: https://www.bombardier.com/en/aerospace/commercial-aircraft.html [Accessed 28 Jun. 2015]. Gent, E. (2014). News: Airbus unveils budget rival to Dreamliner.Engineering Technology, 9(8), pp.10-11. Global commercial aviation industry looks to MEA for effective and environment-friendly aircraft. (2009).Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, 81(2). Iata.org, (2015).IATA. [online] Available at: https://www.iata.org/Pages/default.aspx [Accessed 28 Jun. 2015].